From 27639081f08e20db7e11f3a26ff919421a0eb788 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=89loi=20Rivard?= <eloi@yaal.coop>
Date: Wed, 15 Nov 2023 16:37:06 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] feat: implement sqlalchemy backend

Co-authored-by: Loan Robert <loan@yaal.coop>
---
 CHANGES.rst                           |   1 +
 CONTRIBUTING.rst                      |  25 +-
 canaille/backends/sql/__init__.py     |   0
 canaille/backends/sql/backend.py      |  49 ++++
 canaille/backends/sql/models.py       | 378 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 canaille/backends/sql/utils.py        |  19 ++
 canaille/config.sample.toml           |  19 +-
 demo/Dockerfile-canaille              |   2 +-
 demo/Procfile-sql                     |   3 +
 demo/conf-docker/canaille-ldap.toml   |   5 +
 demo/conf-docker/canaille-memory.toml |   5 +
 demo/conf-docker/canaille-sql.toml    | 265 ++++++++++++++++++
 demo/conf/canaille-ldap.toml          |   5 +
 demo/conf/canaille-memory.toml        |   5 +
 demo/conf/canaille-sql.toml           | 263 ++++++++++++++++++
 demo/docker-compose-sql.yml           |  54 ++++
 demo/docker-compose.yml               |   2 +-
 demo/run.sh                           |   9 +-
 doc/backends.rst                      |  18 ++
 doc/configuration.rst                 |   7 +
 poetry.lock                           | 179 +++++++++++-
 pyproject.toml                        |  10 +
 tests/backends/sql/__init__.py        |   0
 tests/backends/sql/fixtures.py        |  18 ++
 tests/backends/test_models.py         |   3 +
 25 files changed, 1321 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 canaille/backends/sql/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 canaille/backends/sql/backend.py
 create mode 100644 canaille/backends/sql/models.py
 create mode 100644 canaille/backends/sql/utils.py
 create mode 100644 demo/Procfile-sql
 create mode 100644 demo/conf-docker/canaille-sql.toml
 create mode 100644 demo/conf/canaille-sql.toml
 create mode 100644 demo/docker-compose-sql.yml
 create mode 100644 tests/backends/sql/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 tests/backends/sql/fixtures.py

diff --git a/CHANGES.rst b/CHANGES.rst
index 68458598..27b23e51 100644
--- a/CHANGES.rst
+++ b/CHANGES.rst
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Added
 *****
 
 - Refresh token grant supports other client authentication methods. :pr:`157`
+- Implement a SQLAlchemy backend. :pr:`158`
 
 Changed
 *******
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.rst b/CONTRIBUTING.rst
index 36478672..24e82d8d 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.rst
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.rst
@@ -34,9 +34,10 @@ The canaille server has some default users:
 Backends
 ~~~~~~~~
 
-Canaille comes with two backends:
+Canaille comes with several backends:
 
 - a lightweight test purpose `memory` backend
+- a `sql` backend, based on sqlalchemy
 - a production-ready `LDAP` backend
 
 Docker environment
@@ -58,9 +59,12 @@ To launch containers, use:
 .. code-block:: console
 
     cd demo
-    # To run the demo with the memory backend:
+    # To run the demo with the sql backend:
     docker compose up
 
+    # To run the demo with the memory backend:
+    docker compose --file docker-compose-memory.yml up
+
     # To run the demo with the LDAP backend:
     docker compose --file docker-compose-ldap.yml up
 
@@ -69,19 +73,20 @@ Local environment
 
 .. code-block:: console
 
-    # To run the demo with the memory backend:
+    # To run the demo with the sql backend:
     ./demo/run.sh
 
-If you want to run the demo locally with the LDAP backend, you need to have
-OpenLDAP installed on your system.
-
-.. code-block:: console
+    # To run the demo with the memory backend:
+    ./demo/run.sh --backend memory
 
     # To run the demo with the LDAP backend:
     ./demo/run.sh --backend ldap
 
-.. warning ::
+.. note ::
+    If you want to run the demo locally with the LDAP backend, you need to have
+    OpenLDAP installed on your system.
 
+.. warning ::
     On Debian or Ubuntu systems, the OpenLDAP `slapd` binary usage might be restricted by apparmor,
     and thus makes the tests and the demo fail. This can be mitigated by removing apparmor restrictions
     on `slapd`.
@@ -105,7 +110,7 @@ users and groups with the ``populate`` command:
     # If running in local environment
     env CONFIG=conf/canaille-ldap.toml poetry run canaille populate  --nb 100 users
 
-Note that this will not work with the memory backend.
+Adapt to use either the `ldap` or the `sql` configuration file. Note that this will not work with the memory backend.
 
 Unit tests
 ----------
@@ -113,7 +118,7 @@ Unit tests
 To run the tests, you just can run `poetry run pytest` and/or `tox` to test all the supported python environments.
 Everything must be green before patches get merged.
 
-To test a specific backend you can pass ``--backend memory`` or ``--backend ldap`` to pytest and tox.
+To test a specific backend you can pass ``--backend memory``, ``--backend sql`` or ``--backend ldap`` to pytest and tox.
 
 The test coverage is 100%, patches won't be accepted if not entirely covered. You can check the
 test coverage with ``poetry run pytest --cov --cov-report=html`` or ``tox -e coverage -- --cov-report=html``.
diff --git a/canaille/backends/sql/__init__.py b/canaille/backends/sql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/canaille/backends/sql/backend.py b/canaille/backends/sql/backend.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c314da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/canaille/backends/sql/backend.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from canaille.backends import BaseBackend
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+
+Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+def db_session(db_uri=None, init=False):
+    engine = create_engine(db_uri, echo=False, future=True)
+    if init:
+        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
+    session = Session(engine)
+    return session
+
+
+class Backend(BaseBackend):
+    db_session = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def install(cls, config, debug=False):  # pragma: no cover
+        engine = create_engine(
+            config["BACKENDS"]["SQL"]["SQL_DATABASE_URI"],
+            echo=False,
+            future=True,
+        )
+        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
+
+    def setup(self, init=False):
+        if not self.db_session:
+            self.db_session = db_session(
+                self.config["BACKENDS"]["SQL"]["SQL_DATABASE_URI"],
+                init=init,
+            )
+
+    def teardown(self):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, config):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def login_placeholder(cls):
+        return ""
+
+    def has_account_lockability(self):
+        return True
diff --git a/canaille/backends/sql/models.py b/canaille/backends/sql/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11711bf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/canaille/backends/sql/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+import datetime
+import uuid
+from typing import List
+
+import canaille.core.models
+import canaille.oidc.models
+from canaille.app import models
+from canaille.backends.models import Model
+from flask import current_app
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean
+from sqlalchemy import Column
+from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
+from sqlalchemy import Integer
+from sqlalchemy import LargeBinary
+from sqlalchemy import or_
+from sqlalchemy import select
+from sqlalchemy import String
+from sqlalchemy import Table
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+from sqlalchemy.orm import reconstructor
+from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+from sqlalchemy_json import MutableJson
+
+from .backend import Backend
+from .backend import Base
+from .utils import TZDateTime
+
+
+class SqlAlchemyModel(Model):
+    def __html__(self):
+        return self.id
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__name__} {self.identifier_attribute}={self.identifier}>"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def query(cls, **kwargs):
+        filter = [
+            cls.attribute_filter(attribute_name, expected_value)
+            for attribute_name, expected_value in kwargs.items()
+        ]
+        return (
+            Backend.get()
+            .db_session.execute(select(cls).filter(*filter))
+            .scalars()
+            .all()
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fuzzy(cls, query, attributes=None, **kwargs):
+        attributes = attributes or cls.attributes
+        filter = or_(
+            getattr(cls, attribute_name).ilike(f"%{query}%")
+            for attribute_name in attributes
+            if "str" in str(cls.__annotations__[attribute_name])
+        )
+
+        return (
+            Backend.get().db_session.execute(select(cls).filter(filter)).scalars().all()
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def attribute_filter(cls, name, value):
+        if isinstance(value, list):
+            return or_(cls.attribute_filter(name, v) for v in value)
+
+        multiple = "List" in str(cls.__annotations__[name])
+        if multiple:
+            return getattr(cls, name).contains(value)
+
+        return getattr(cls, name) == value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get(cls, identifier=None, **kwargs):
+        if identifier:
+            kwargs[cls.identifier_attribute] = identifier
+
+        filter = [
+            cls.attribute_filter(attribute_name, expected_value)
+            for attribute_name, expected_value in kwargs.items()
+        ]
+        return (
+            Backend.get()
+            .db_session.execute(select(cls).filter(*filter))
+            .scalar_one_or_none()
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def identifier(self):
+        return getattr(self, self.identifier_attribute)
+
+    def save(self):
+        Backend.get().db_session.add(self)
+        Backend.get().db_session.commit()
+
+    def delete(self):
+        Backend.get().db_session.delete(self)
+        Backend.get().db_session.commit()
+
+    def reload(self):
+        Backend.get().db_session.refresh(self)
+
+
+membership_association_table = Table(
+    "membership_association_table",
+    Base.metadata,
+    Column("user_id", ForeignKey("user.id"), primary_key=True),
+    Column("group_id", ForeignKey("group.id"), primary_key=True),
+)
+
+
+class User(canaille.core.models.User, Base, SqlAlchemyModel):
+    __tablename__ = "user"
+    identifier_attribute = "user_name"
+
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String, primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4())
+    )
+    user_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, unique=True, nullable=False)
+    password: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    preferred_language: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    family_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    given_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    formatted_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    display_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    emails: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    phone_numbers: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    formatted_address: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    street: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    postal_code: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    locality: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    region: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    photo: Mapped[bytes] = mapped_column(LargeBinary, nullable=True)
+    profile_url: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    employee_number: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    department: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    title: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    organization: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    last_modified: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
+    groups: Mapped[List["Group"]] = relationship(
+        secondary=membership_association_table, back_populates="members"
+    )
+    lock_date: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.load_permissions()
+
+    def reload(self):
+        super().reload()
+        self.load_permissions()
+
+    @reconstructor
+    def load_permissions(self):
+        self.permissions = set()
+        self.read = set()
+        self.write = set()
+        for access_group_name, details in current_app.config["ACL"].items():
+            if self.match_filter(details.get("FILTER")):
+                self.permissions |= set(details.get("PERMISSIONS", []))
+                self.read |= set(details.get("READ", []))
+                self.write |= set(details.get("WRITE", []))
+
+    def normalize_filter_value(self, attribute, value):
+        # not super generic, but we can improve this when we have
+        # type checking and/or pydantic for the models
+        if attribute == "groups":
+            if models.Group.get(id=value):
+                return models.Group.get(id=value)
+            elif models.Group.get(display_name=value):
+                return models.Group.get(display_name=value)
+        return value
+
+    def match_filter(self, filter):
+        if filter is None:
+            return True
+
+        if isinstance(filter, dict):
+            return all(
+                self.normalize_filter_value(attribute, value)
+                in getattr(self, attribute, [])
+                if "List" in str(self.__annotations__[attribute])
+                else self.normalize_filter_value(attribute, value)
+                == getattr(self, attribute, None)
+                for attribute, value in filter.items()
+            )
+
+        return any(self.match_filter(subfilter) for subfilter in filter)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_from_login(cls, login=None, **kwargs):
+        return User.get(user_name=login)
+
+    def has_password(self):
+        return bool(self.password)
+
+    def check_password(self, password):
+        if password not in self.password:
+            return (False, None)
+
+        if self.locked:
+            return (False, "Your account has been locked.")
+
+        return (True, None)
+
+    def set_password(self, password):
+        self.password = password
+        self.save()
+
+    def save(self):
+        self.last_modified = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).replace(
+            microsecond=0
+        )
+        super().save()
+
+
+class Group(canaille.core.models.Group, Base, SqlAlchemyModel):
+    __tablename__ = "group"
+    identifier_attribute = "display_name"
+
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String, primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4())
+    )
+    display_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String)
+    description: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    members: Mapped[List["User"]] = relationship(
+        secondary=membership_association_table, back_populates="groups"
+    )
+
+
+client_audience_association_table = Table(
+    "client_audience_association_table",
+    Base.metadata,
+    Column("audience_id", ForeignKey("client.id"), primary_key=True, nullable=True),
+    Column("client_id", ForeignKey("client.id"), primary_key=True, nullable=True),
+)
+
+
+class Client(canaille.oidc.models.Client, Base, SqlAlchemyModel):
+    __tablename__ = "client"
+
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String, primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4())
+    )
+    identifier_attribute = "client_id"
+
+    description: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    preconsent: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(Boolean, nullable=True)
+    post_logout_redirect_uris: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(
+        MutableJson, nullable=True
+    )
+    audience: Mapped[List["Client"]] = relationship(
+        "Client",
+        secondary=client_audience_association_table,
+        primaryjoin=id == client_audience_association_table.c.client_id,
+        secondaryjoin=id == client_audience_association_table.c.audience_id,
+    )
+    client_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    client_secret: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    client_id_issued_at: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
+    client_secret_expires_at: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
+    client_name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    contacts: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    client_uri: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    redirect_uris: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    logo_uri: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    grant_types: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    response_types: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    scope: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    tos_uri: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    policy_uri: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    jwks_uri: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    jwk: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    token_endpoint_auth_method: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    software_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    software_version: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+
+
+class AuthorizationCode(canaille.oidc.models.AuthorizationCode, Base, SqlAlchemyModel):
+    __tablename__ = "authorization_code"
+    identifier_attribute = "authorization_code_id"
+
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String, primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4())
+    )
+
+    authorization_code_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    code: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    client_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("client.id"))
+    client: Mapped["Client"] = relationship()
+    subject_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user.id"))
+    subject: Mapped["User"] = relationship()
+    redirect_uri: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    response_type: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    scope: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    nonce: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    issue_date: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
+    lifetime: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=True)
+    challenge: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    challenge_method: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    revokation_date: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
+
+
+token_audience_association_table = Table(
+    "token_audience_association_table",
+    Base.metadata,
+    Column("token_id", ForeignKey("token.id"), primary_key=True, nullable=True),
+    Column("client_id", ForeignKey("client.id"), primary_key=True, nullable=True),
+)
+
+
+class Token(canaille.oidc.models.Token, Base, SqlAlchemyModel):
+    __tablename__ = "token"
+    identifier_attribute = "token_id"
+
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String, primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4())
+    )
+
+    token_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    access_token: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    client_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("client.id"))
+    client: Mapped["Client"] = relationship()
+    subject_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user.id"))
+    subject: Mapped["User"] = relationship()
+    type: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    refresh_token: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    scope: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    issue_date: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
+    lifetime: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, nullable=True)
+    revokation_date: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
+    audience: Mapped[List["Client"]] = relationship(
+        "Client",
+        secondary=token_audience_association_table,
+        primaryjoin=id == token_audience_association_table.c.token_id,
+        secondaryjoin=Client.id == token_audience_association_table.c.client_id,
+    )
+
+
+class Consent(canaille.oidc.models.Consent, Base, SqlAlchemyModel):
+    __tablename__ = "consent"
+    identifier_attribute = "consent_id"
+
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(
+        String, primary_key=True, default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4())
+    )
+
+    consent_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String, nullable=True)
+    subject_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user.id"))
+    subject: Mapped["User"] = relationship()
+    client_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("client.id"))
+    client: Mapped["Client"] = relationship()
+    scope: Mapped[List[str]] = mapped_column(MutableJson, nullable=True)
+    issue_date: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
+    revokation_date: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column(
+        TZDateTime(timezone=True), nullable=True
+    )
diff --git a/canaille/backends/sql/utils.py b/canaille/backends/sql/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c33fc34c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/canaille/backends/sql/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import datetime
+
+from sqlalchemy import DateTime
+from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+
+class TZDateTime(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = DateTime
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+        if value is not None:
+            value = value.astimezone(datetime.timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
+        return value
+
+    def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+        if value is not None:
+            value = value.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
+        return value
diff --git a/canaille/config.sample.toml b/canaille/config.sample.toml
index 63fd95a5..2e8585b1 100644
--- a/canaille/config.sample.toml
+++ b/canaille/config.sample.toml
@@ -77,15 +77,20 @@ SECRET_KEY = "change me before you go in production"
 # written in the standard error output.
 # PATH = ""
 
-[BACKENDS.LDAP]
-URI = "ldap://ldap"
-ROOT_DN = "dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
-BIND_DN = "cn=admin,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
-BIND_PW = "admin"
+# [BACKENDS.SQL]
+# The SQL database connection string
+# Details on https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html
+# SQL_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@localhost/database"
+
+# [BACKENDS.LDAP]
+# URI = "ldap://ldap"
+# ROOT_DN = "dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+# BIND_DN = "cn=admin,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+# BIND_PW = "admin"
 # TIMEOUT =
 
 # Where to search for users?
-USER_BASE = "ou=users,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+# USER_BASE = "ou=users,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
 
 # The object class to use for creating new users
 # USER_CLASS = "inetOrgPerson"
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ USER_BASE = "ou=users,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
 # USER_FILTER = "(|(uid={{ login }})(mail={{ login }}))"
 
 # Where to search for groups?
-GROUP_BASE = "ou=groups,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+# GROUP_BASE = "ou=groups,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
 
 # The object class to use for creating new groups
 # GROUP_CLASS = "groupOfNames"
diff --git a/demo/Dockerfile-canaille b/demo/Dockerfile-canaille
index 7fbc7f22..338bca6f 100644
--- a/demo/Dockerfile-canaille
+++ b/demo/Dockerfile-canaille
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ RUN pip install poetry
 WORKDIR /opt/canaille
 RUN poetry install --with demo --without dev --extras all
 
-ENTRYPOINT ["poetry", "run", "flask", "run", "--host=0.0.0.0", "--extra-files", "/opt/canaille/conf/canaille-memory.toml", "/opt/canaille/conf/canaille-ldap.toml"]
+ENTRYPOINT ["poetry", "run", "flask", "run", "--host=0.0.0.0", "--extra-files", "/opt/canaille/conf/canaille-memory.toml", "--extra-files", "/opt/canaille/conf/canaille-ldap.toml", "--extra-files", "/opt/canaille/conf/canaille-sql.toml"]
diff --git a/demo/Procfile-sql b/demo/Procfile-sql
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d87d95ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo/Procfile-sql
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+canaille: env FLASK_DEBUG=1 AUTHLIB_INSECURE_TRANSPORT=1 CONFIG=conf/canaille-sql.toml FLASK_APP=demoapp flask run --extra-files conf/canaille-sql.toml
+client1: env FLASK_DEBUG=1 CONFIG=../conf/client1.cfg FLASK_APP=client flask run --port=5001
+client2: env FLASK_DEBUG=1 CONFIG=../conf/client2.cfg FLASK_APP=client flask run --port=5002
diff --git a/demo/conf-docker/canaille-ldap.toml b/demo/conf-docker/canaille-ldap.toml
index 3a3e4354..208b1b48 100644
--- a/demo/conf-docker/canaille-ldap.toml
+++ b/demo/conf-docker/canaille-ldap.toml
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ LEVEL = "DEBUG"
 # written in the standard error output.
 # PATH = ""
 
+# [BACKENDS.SQL]
+# The SQL database connection string
+# Details on https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html
+# SQL_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@localhost/database"
+
 [BACKENDS.LDAP]
 URI = "ldap://ldap:389"
 ROOT_DN = "dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
diff --git a/demo/conf-docker/canaille-memory.toml b/demo/conf-docker/canaille-memory.toml
index 87757100..727add2c 100644
--- a/demo/conf-docker/canaille-memory.toml
+++ b/demo/conf-docker/canaille-memory.toml
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ LEVEL = "DEBUG"
 # written in the standard error output.
 # PATH = ""
 
+# [BACKENDS.SQL]
+# The SQL database connection string
+# Details on https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html
+# SQL_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@localhost/database"
+
 # [BACKENDS.LDAP]
 # URI = "ldap://ldap:389"
 # ROOT_DN = "dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
diff --git a/demo/conf-docker/canaille-sql.toml b/demo/conf-docker/canaille-sql.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..216e7959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo/conf-docker/canaille-sql.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# All the Flask configuration values can be used:
+# https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/2.3.x/config/#builtin-configuration-values
+
+# The flask secret key for cookies. You MUST change this.
+SECRET_KEY = "change me before you go in production"
+
+# Your organization name.
+NAME = "Canaille"
+
+# The interface on which canaille will be served
+# SERVER_NAME = "auth.mydomain.tld"
+# PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME = "https"
+
+# You can display a logo to be recognized on login screens
+LOGO = "/static/img/canaille-head.png"
+
+# Your favicon. If unset the LOGO will be used.
+FAVICON = "/static/img/canaille-c.png"
+
+# The name of a theme in the 'theme' directory, or an absolute path
+# to a theme. Defaults to 'default'. Theming is done with
+# https://github.com/tktech/flask-themer
+# THEME = "default"
+
+# If unset, language is detected
+# LANGUAGE = "en"
+
+# The timezone in which datetimes will be displayed to the users.
+# If unset, the server timezone will be used.
+# TIMEZONE = UTC
+
+# If you have a sentry instance, you can set its dsn here:
+# SENTRY_DSN = "https://examplePublicKey@o0.ingest.sentry.io/0"
+
+# Enables javascript to smooth the user experience
+# JAVASCRIPT = true
+
+# Accelerates webpages with async requests
+# HTMX = true
+
+# If EMAIL_CONFIRMATION is set to true, users will need to click on a
+# confirmation link sent by email when they want to add a new email.
+# By default, this is true if SMTP is configured, else this is false.
+# If explicitely set to true and SMTP is disabled, the email field
+# will be read-only.
+# EMAIL_CONFIRMATION =
+
+# If ENABLE_REGISTRATION is true, then users can freely create an account
+# at this instance. If email verification is available, users must confirm
+# their email before the account is created.
+ENABLE_REGISTRATION = true
+
+# If HIDE_INVALID_LOGINS is set to true (the default), when a user
+# tries to sign in with an invalid login, a message is shown indicating
+# that the password is wrong, but does not give a clue wether the login
+# exists or not.
+# If HIDE_INVALID_LOGINS is set to false, when a user tries to sign in with
+# an invalid login, a message is shown indicating that the login does not
+# exist.
+# HIDE_INVALID_LOGINS = true
+
+# If ENABLE_PASSWORD_RECOVERY is false, then users cannot ask for a password
+# recovery link by email. This option is true by default.
+# ENABLE_PASSWORD_RECOVERY = true
+
+# The validity duration of registration invitations, in seconds.
+# Defaults to 2 days
+# INVITATION_EXPIRATION = 172800
+
+[LOGGING]
+# LEVEL can be one value among:
+# DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL
+# Defaults to WARNING
+# LEVEL = "WARNING"
+LEVEL = "DEBUG"
+
+# The path of the log file. If not set (the default) logs are
+# written in the standard error output.
+# PATH = ""
+
+[BACKENDS.SQL]
+# The SQL database connection string
+# Details on https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html
+SQL_DATABASE_URI = "sqlite:///demo.sqlite"
+
+# [BACKENDS.LDAP]
+# URI = "ldap://ldap:389"
+# ROOT_DN = "dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+# BIND_DN = "cn=admin,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+# BIND_PW = "admin"
+# TIMEOUT = 10
+
+# Where to search for users?
+# USER_BASE = "ou=users,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+
+# The object class to use for creating new users
+# USER_CLASS = "inetOrgPerson"
+
+# The attribute to identify an object in the User dn.
+# USER_RDN = "uid"
+
+# Filter to match users on sign in. Jinja syntax is supported
+# and a `login` variable is available containing the value
+# passed in the login field.
+# USER_FILTER = "(|(uid={{ login }})(mail={{ login }}))"
+
+# Where to search for groups?
+# GROUP_BASE = "ou=groups,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+
+# The object class to use for creating new groups
+# GROUP_CLASS = "groupOfNames"
+
+# The attribute to identify an object in the User dn.
+# GROUP_RDN = "cn"
+
+# The attribute to use to identify a group
+# GROUP_NAME_ATTRIBUTE = "cn"
+
+[ACL]
+# You can define access controls that define what users can do on canaille
+# An access control consists in a FILTER to match users, a list of PERMISSIONS
+# matched users will be able to perform, and fields users will be able
+# to READ and WRITE. Users matching several filters will cumulate permissions.
+#
+# 'FILTER' parameter can be:
+# - absent, in which case all the users will match this access control
+# - a mapping where keys are user attributes name and the values those user
+#   attribute values. All the values must be matched for the user to be part
+#   of the access control.
+# - a list of those mappings. If a user values match at least one mapping,
+#   then the user will be part of the access control
+#
+# Here are some examples
+#     FILTER = {user_name = 'admin'}
+#     FILTER =
+#       - {groups = 'admins'}
+#       - {groups = 'moderators'}
+#
+# The 'PERMISSIONS' parameter that is an list of items the users in the access
+# control will be able to manage. 'PERMISSIONS' is optionnal. Values can be:
+# - "edit_self" to allow users to edit their own profile
+# - "use_oidc" to allow OpenID Connect authentication
+# - "manage_oidc" to allow OpenID Connect client managements
+# - "manage_users" to allow other users management
+# - "manage_groups" to allow group edition and creation
+# - "delete_account" allows a user to delete his own account. If used with
+#                    manage_users, the user can delete any account
+# - "impersonate_users" to allow a user to take the identity of another user
+#
+# The 'READ' and 'WRITE' attributes are the LDAP attributes of the user
+# object that users will be able to read and/or write.
+[ACL.DEFAULT]
+PERMISSIONS = ["edit_self", "use_oidc"]
+READ = [
+    "user_name",
+    "groups",
+    "lock_date",
+]
+WRITE = [
+    "photo",
+    "given_name",
+    "family_name",
+    "display_name",
+    "password",
+    "phone_numbers",
+    "emails",
+    "profile_url",
+    "formatted_address",
+    "street",
+    "postal_code",
+    "locality",
+    "region",
+    "preferred_language",
+    "employee_number",
+    "department",
+    "title",
+    "organization",
+]
+
+[ACL.ADMIN]
+FILTER = {groups = "admins"}
+PERMISSIONS = [
+    "manage_users",
+    "manage_groups",
+    "manage_oidc",
+    "delete_account",
+    "impersonate_users",
+]
+WRITE = [
+    "groups",
+    "lock_date",
+]
+
+[ACL.HALF_ADMIN]
+FILTER = {groups = "moderators"}
+PERMISSIONS = ["manage_users", "manage_groups", "delete_account"]
+WRITE = ["groups"]
+
+[OIDC]
+# Wether a token is needed for the RFC7591 dynamical client registration.
+# If true, no token is needed to register a client.
+# If false, dynamical client registration needs a token defined
+# in DYNAMIC_CLIENT_REGISTRATION_TOKENS
+DYNAMIC_CLIENT_REGISTRATION_OPEN = true
+
+# A list of tokens that can be used for dynamic client registration
+DYNAMIC_CLIENT_REGISTRATION_TOKENS = [
+    "xxxxxxx-yyyyyyy-zzzzzz",
+]
+
+# REQUIRE_NONCE force the nonce exchange during the authentication flows.
+# This adds security but may not be supported by all clients.
+# REQUIRE_NONCE = true
+
+[OIDC.JWT]
+# PRIVATE_KEY_FILE and PUBLIC_KEY_FILE are the paths to the private and
+# the public key. You can generate a RSA keypair with:
+# openssl genrsa -out private.pem 4096
+# openssl rsa -in private.pem -pubout -outform PEM -out public.pem
+# If the variables are unset, and debug mode is enabled,
+# a in-memory keypair will be used.
+# PRIVATE_KEY_FILE = "/path/to/private.pem"
+# PUBLIC_KEY_FILE = "/path/to/public.pem"
+# The URI of the identity provider
+# ISS = "https://auth.mydomain.tld"
+# The key type parameter
+# KTY = "RSA"
+# The key algorithm
+# ALG = "RS256"
+# The time the JWT will be valid, in seconds
+# EXP = 3600
+
+[OIDC.JWT.MAPPING]
+# Mapping between JWT fields and LDAP attributes from your
+# User objectClass.
+# {attribute} will be replaced by the user ldap attribute value.
+# Default values fits inetOrgPerson.
+# SUB = "{{ user.user_name }}"
+# NAME = "{{ user.formatted_name }}"
+# PHONE_NUMBER = "{{ user.phone_numbers[0] }}"
+# EMAIL = "{{ user.preferred_email }}"
+# GIVEN_NAME = "{{ user.given_name }}"
+# FAMILY_NAME = "{{ user.family_name }}"
+# PREFERRED_USERNAME = "{{ user.display_name }}"
+# LOCALE = "{{ user.preferred_language }}"
+# ADDRESS = "{{ user.formatted_address }}"
+# PICTURE = "{% if user.photo %}{{ url_for('core.account.photo', user=user, field='photo', _external=True) }}{% endif %}"
+# WEBSITE = "{{ user.profile_url }}"
+
+# The SMTP server options. If not set, mail related features such as
+# user invitations, and password reset emails, will be disabled.
+[SMTP]
+# HOST = "localhost"
+# PORT = 25
+# TLS = false
+# SSL = false
+# LOGIN = ""
+# PASSWORD = ""
+# FROM_ADDR = "admin@mydomain.tld"
+
+# The registration options. If not set, registration will be disabled. Requires SMTP to work.
+# Groups should be formatted like this: ["<GROUP_NAME_ATTRIBUTE>=group_name,<GROUP_BASE>", ...]
+# [REGISTRATION]
+# GROUPS=[]
+# CAN_EDIT_USERNAME = false
diff --git a/demo/conf/canaille-ldap.toml b/demo/conf/canaille-ldap.toml
index 3896db0d..b249ef0c 100644
--- a/demo/conf/canaille-ldap.toml
+++ b/demo/conf/canaille-ldap.toml
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ LEVEL = "DEBUG"
 # written in the standard error output.
 # PATH = ""
 
+# [BACKENDS.SQL]
+# The SQL database connection string
+# Details on https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html
+# SQL_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@localhost/database"
+
 [BACKENDS.LDAP]
 URI = "ldap://127.0.0.1:5389"
 ROOT_DN = "dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
diff --git a/demo/conf/canaille-memory.toml b/demo/conf/canaille-memory.toml
index 3a762294..675333d5 100644
--- a/demo/conf/canaille-memory.toml
+++ b/demo/conf/canaille-memory.toml
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ LEVEL = "DEBUG"
 # written in the standard error output.
 # PATH = ""
 
+# [BACKENDS.SQL]
+# The SQL database connection string
+# Details on https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html
+# SQL_DATABASE_URI = "postgresql://user:password@localhost/database"
+
 # [BACKENDS.LDAP]
 # URI = "ldap://localhost"
 # ROOT_DN = "dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
diff --git a/demo/conf/canaille-sql.toml b/demo/conf/canaille-sql.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf630c4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo/conf/canaille-sql.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# All the Flask configuration values can be used:
+# https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/2.3.x/config/#builtin-configuration-values
+
+# The flask secret key for cookies. You MUST change this.
+SECRET_KEY = "change me before you go in production"
+
+# Your organization name.
+# NAME = "Canaille"
+
+# The interface on which canaille will be served
+# SERVER_NAME = "auth.mydomain.tld"
+# PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME = "https"
+
+# You can display a logo to be recognized on login screens
+LOGO = "/static/img/canaille-head.png"
+
+# Your favicon. If unset the LOGO will be used.
+FAVICON = "/static/img/canaille-c.png"
+
+# The name of a theme in the 'theme' directory, or an absolute path
+# to a theme. Defaults to 'default'. Theming is done with
+# https://github.com/tktech/flask-themer
+# THEME = "default"
+
+# If unset, language is detected
+# LANGUAGE = "en"
+
+# The timezone in which datetimes will be displayed to the users.
+# If unset, the server timezone will be used.
+# TIMEZONE = UTC
+
+# If you have a sentry instance, you can set its dsn here:
+# SENTRY_DSN = "https://examplePublicKey@o0.ingest.sentry.io/0"
+
+# Enables javascript to smooth the user experience
+# JAVASCRIPT = true
+
+# Accelerates webpages with async requests
+# HTMX = true
+
+# If EMAIL_CONFIRMATION is set to true, users will need to click on a
+# confirmation link sent by email when they want to add a new email.
+# By default, this is true if SMTP is configured, else this is false.
+# If explicitely set to true and SMTP is disabled, the email field
+# will be read-only.
+# EMAIL_CONFIRMATION =
+
+# If ENABLE_REGISTRATION is true, then users can freely create an account
+# at this instance. If email verification is available, users must confirm
+# their email before the account is created.
+ENABLE_REGISTRATION = true
+
+# If HIDE_INVALID_LOGINS is set to true (the default), when a user
+# tries to sign in with an invalid login, a message is shown indicating
+# that the password is wrong, but does not give a clue wether the login
+# exists or not.
+# If HIDE_INVALID_LOGINS is set to false, when a user tries to sign in with
+# an invalid login, a message is shown indicating that the login does not
+# exist.
+# HIDE_INVALID_LOGINS = true
+
+# If ENABLE_PASSWORD_RECOVERY is false, then users cannot ask for a password
+# recovery link by email. This option is true by default.
+# ENABLE_PASSWORD_RECOVERY = true
+
+# The validity duration of registration invitations, in seconds.
+# Defaults to 2 days
+# INVITATION_EXPIRATION = 172800
+
+[LOGGING]
+# LEVEL can be one value among:
+# DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL
+# Defaults to WARNING
+# LEVEL = "WARNING"
+LEVEL = "DEBUG"
+
+# The path of the log file. If not set (the default) logs are
+# written in the standard error output.
+# PATH = ""
+
+[BACKENDS.SQL]
+# The SQL database connection string
+# Details on https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html
+SQL_DATABASE_URI = "sqlite:///demo.sqlite"
+
+# [BACKENDS.LDAP]
+# URI = "ldap://localhost"
+# ROOT_DN = "dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+# BIND_DN = "cn=admin,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+# BIND_PW = "admin"
+# TIMEOUT = 10
+
+# Where to search for users?
+# USER_BASE = "ou=users,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+
+# The object class to use for creating new users
+# USER_CLASS = "inetOrgPerson"
+
+# The attribute to identify an object in the User dn.
+# USER_RDN = "uid"
+
+# Filter to match users on sign in. Jinja syntax is supported
+# and a `login` variable is available containing the value
+# passed in the login field.
+# USER_FILTER = "(|(uid={{ login }})(mail={{ login }}))"
+
+# Where to search for groups?
+# GROUP_BASE = "ou=groups,dc=mydomain,dc=tld"
+
+# The object class to use for creating new groups
+# GROUP_CLASS = "groupOfNames"
+
+# The attribute to identify an object in the User dn.
+# GROUP_RDN = "cn"
+
+# The attribute to use to identify a group
+# GROUP_NAME_ATTRIBUTE = "cn"
+
+[ACL]
+# You can define access controls that define what users can do on canaille
+# An access control consists in a FILTER to match users, a list of PERMISSIONS
+# matched users will be able to perform, and fields users will be able
+# to READ and WRITE. Users matching several filters will cumulate permissions.
+#
+# 'FILTER' parameter can be:
+# - absent, in which case all the users will match this access control
+# - a mapping where keys are user attributes name and the values those user
+#   attribute values. All the values must be matched for the user to be part
+#   of the access control.
+# - a list of those mappings. If a user values match at least one mapping,
+#   then the user will be part of the access control
+#
+# Here are some examples
+#     FILTER = {user_name = 'admin'}
+#     FILTER =
+#       - {groups = 'admins'}
+#       - {groups = 'moderators'}
+#
+# The 'PERMISSIONS' parameter that is an list of items the users in the access
+# control will be able to manage. 'PERMISSIONS' is optionnal. Values can be:
+# - "edit_self" to allow users to edit their own profile
+# - "use_oidc" to allow OpenID Connect authentication
+# - "manage_oidc" to allow OpenID Connect client managements
+# - "manage_users" to allow other users management
+# - "manage_groups" to allow group edition and creation
+# - "delete_account" allows a user to delete his own account. If used with
+#                    manage_users, the user can delete any account
+# - "impersonate_users" to allow a user to take the identity of another user
+#
+# The 'READ' and 'WRITE' attributes are the LDAP attributes of the user
+# object that users will be able to read and/or write.
+[ACL.DEFAULT]
+PERMISSIONS = ["edit_self", "use_oidc"]
+READ = [
+    "user_name",
+    "groups",
+    "lock_date",
+]
+WRITE = [
+    "photo",
+    "given_name",
+    "family_name",
+    "display_name",
+    "password",
+    "phone_numbers",
+    "emails",
+    "profile_url",
+    "formatted_address",
+    "street",
+    "postal_code",
+    "locality",
+    "region",
+    "preferred_language",
+    "employee_number",
+    "department",
+    "title",
+    "organization",
+]
+
+[ACL.ADMIN]
+FILTER = {groups = "admins"}
+PERMISSIONS = [
+    "manage_users",
+    "manage_groups",
+    "manage_oidc",
+    "delete_account",
+    "impersonate_users",
+]
+WRITE = [
+    "groups",
+    "lock_date",
+]
+
+[ACL.HALF_ADMIN]
+FILTER = {groups = "moderators"}
+PERMISSIONS = ["manage_users", "manage_groups", "delete_account"]
+WRITE = ["groups"]
+
+# The jwt configuration. You can generate a RSA keypair with:
+# openssl genrsa -out private.pem 4096
+# openssl rsa -in private.pem -pubout -outform PEM -out public.pem
+
+[OIDC]
+# Wether a token is needed for the RFC7591 dynamical client registration.
+# If true, no token is needed to register a client.
+# If false, dynamical client registration needs a token defined
+# in DYNAMIC_CLIENT_REGISTRATION_TOKENS
+DYNAMIC_CLIENT_REGISTRATION_OPEN = true
+
+# A list of tokens that can be used for dynamic client registration
+DYNAMIC_CLIENT_REGISTRATION_TOKENS = [
+    "xxxxxxx-yyyyyyy-zzzzzz",
+]
+
+# REQUIRE_NONCE force the nonce exchange during the authentication flows.
+# This adds security but may not be supported by all clients.
+# REQUIRE_NONCE = true
+
+[OIDC.JWT]
+# PRIVATE_KEY_FILE and PUBLIC_KEY_FILE are the paths to the private and
+# the public key. You can generate a RSA keypair with:
+# openssl genrsa -out private.pem 4096
+# openssl rsa -in private.pem -pubout -outform PEM -out public.pem
+# If the variables are unset, and debug mode is enabled,
+# a in-memory keypair will be used.
+# PRIVATE_KEY_FILE = "/path/to/private.pem"
+# PUBLIC_KEY_FILE = "/path/to/public.pem"
+# The URI of the identity provider
+# ISS = "https://auth.mydomain.tld"
+# The key type parameter
+# KTY = "RSA"
+# The key algorithm
+# ALG = "RS256"
+# The time the JWT will be valid, in seconds
+# EXP = 3600
+
+[OIDC.JWT.MAPPING]
+# Mapping between JWT fields and LDAP attributes from your
+# User objectClass.
+# {attribute} will be replaced by the user ldap attribute value.
+# Default values fits inetOrgPerson.
+# SUB = "{{ user.user_name }}"
+# NAME = "{{ user.formatted_name }}"
+# PHONE_NUMBER = "{{ user.phone_numbers[0] }}"
+# EMAIL = "{{ user.preferred_email }}"
+# GIVEN_NAME = "{{ user.given_name }}"
+# FAMILY_NAME = "{{ user.family_name }}"
+# PREFERRED_USERNAME = "{{ user.display_name }}"
+# LOCALE = "{{ user.preferred_language }}"
+# ADDRESS = "{{ user.formatted_address }}"
+# PICTURE = "{% if user.photo %}{{ url_for('core.account.photo', user=user, field='photo', _external=True) }}{% endif %}"
+# WEBSITE = "{{ user.profile_url }}"
+
+# The SMTP server options. If not set, mail related features such as
+# user invitations, and password reset emails, will be disabled.
+[SMTP]
+# HOST = "localhost"
+# PORT = 25
+# TLS = false
+# SSL = false
+# LOGIN = ""
+# PASSWORD = ""
+# FROM_ADDR = "admin@mydomain.tld"
diff --git a/demo/docker-compose-sql.yml b/demo/docker-compose-sql.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b97dc567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/demo/docker-compose-sql.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+---
+version: "3"
+
+services:
+  canaille:
+    build:
+      context: ..
+      dockerfile: demo/Dockerfile-canaille
+    environment:
+      - AUTHLIB_INSECURE_TRANSPORT=1
+      - FLASK_DEBUG=1
+      - CONFIG=/opt/canaille/conf/canaille-sql.toml
+      - FLASK_APP=demoapp
+    volumes:
+      - ../canaille:/opt/canaille/canaille
+      - ./conf-docker:/opt/canaille/conf
+    ports:
+      - 5000:5000
+
+  client1:
+    depends_on:
+      - canaille
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile: Dockerfile-client
+    environment:
+      - FLASK_DEBUG=1
+      - CONFIG=/opt/client/conf/client1.cfg
+      - FLASK_APP=client
+    volumes:
+      - ./client:/opt/client/client
+      - ./conf-docker:/opt/client/conf
+      - ../canaille/static:/opt/canaille/static
+    command: --port=5001
+    ports:
+      - 5001:5001
+
+  client2:
+    depends_on:
+      - canaille
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile: Dockerfile-client
+    environment:
+      - FLASK_DEBUG=1
+      - CONFIG=/opt/client/conf/client2.cfg
+      - FLASK_APP=client
+    volumes:
+      - ./client:/opt/client/client
+      - ./conf-docker:/opt/client/conf
+      - ../canaille/static:/opt/canaille/static
+    command: --port=5002
+    ports:
+      - 5002:5002
diff --git a/demo/docker-compose.yml b/demo/docker-compose.yml
index b06ccaa9..ab9b5c67 120000
--- a/demo/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/demo/docker-compose.yml
@@ -1 +1 @@
-docker-compose-memory.yml
\ No newline at end of file
+docker-compose-sql.yml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/demo/run.sh b/demo/run.sh
index f04c22ce..767f39eb 100755
--- a/demo/run.sh
+++ b/demo/run.sh
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ DIR="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" >/dev/null 2>&1 && pwd )"
 if [ "$1" = "--backend" -a -n "$2" ]; then
     BACKEND="$2"
 else
-    BACKEND="memory"
+    BACKEND="sql"
 fi
 
 if ! type python > /dev/null 2>&1 && ! type python3 > /dev/null 2>&1; then
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ if [ "$BACKEND" = "memory" ]; then
     poetry install --with demo --without dev --extras front --extras oidc
     env poetry run honcho --procfile Procfile-memory start
 
+elif [ "$BACKEND" = "sql" ]; then
+
+    poetry install --with demo --without dev --extras front --extras oidc --extras sql
+    env poetry run honcho --procfile Procfile-sql start
+
 elif [ "$BACKEND" = "ldap" ]; then
 
     if ! type slapd > /dev/null 2>&1; then
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@ elif [ "$BACKEND" = "ldap" ]; then
 
 else
 
-    echo "Usage: run.sh --backend [memory|ldap]"
+    echo "Usage: run.sh --backend [sql|memory|ldap]"
 
 fi
 
diff --git a/doc/backends.rst b/doc/backends.rst
index 447db9bc..4abb495e 100644
--- a/doc/backends.rst
+++ b/doc/backends.rst
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ Backends
 .. contents::
    :local:
 
+Canaille can read and save data in different databases:
+
 Memory
 ======
 
@@ -12,9 +14,25 @@ This backend is only for test purpose and should not be used in production envir
 
 It is used when the ``BACKENDS`` configuration parameter is unset or empty.
 
+SQL
+===
+
+Canaille can use any database supported by `SQLAlchemy <https://www.sqlalchemy.org/>`_, such as
+sqlite, postgresql or mariadb.
+
+It is used when the ``BACKENDS.SQL`` configuration parameter is defined.
+
 LDAP
 ====
 
+Canaille can use OpenLDAP as its main database.
+It is used when the ``BACKENDS.SQL`` configuration parameter is defined.
+
+.. note ::
+   Currently, only the ``inetOrgPerson`` and ``groupOfNames`` schemas have been tested.
+   If you want to use different schemas or LDAP servers, adaptations may be needed.
+   Patches are welcome.
+
 Canaille can integrate with several OpenLDAP overlays:
 
 memberof / refint
diff --git a/doc/configuration.rst b/doc/configuration.rst
index a2536376..ecb3ef3c 100644
--- a/doc/configuration.rst
+++ b/doc/configuration.rst
@@ -90,6 +90,13 @@ LOGGING
 :PATH:
     *Optional.* The log file path. If not set, logs are written in the standard error output.
 
+BACKENDS.SQL
+------------
+
+:SQL_DATABASE_URI:
+    **Required.** The SQL database connection string, as defined in
+    `SQLAlchemy documentation <https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/core/engines.html>`_.
+
 BACKENDS.LDAP
 -------------
 
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index b44ca350..baa8fdbf 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -669,6 +669,76 @@ files = [
 [package.dependencies]
 python-dateutil = ">=2.7"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "greenlet"
+version = "3.0.1"
+description = "Lightweight in-process concurrent programming"
+optional = true
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
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+    {file = "greenlet-3.0.1-cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl", hash = "sha256:28e89e232c7593d33cac35425b58950789962011cc274aa43ef8865f2e11f46d"},
+    {file = "greenlet-3.0.1-cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_17_ppc64le.manylinux2014_ppc64le.whl", hash = "sha256:b8ba29306c5de7717b5761b9ea74f9c72b9e2b834e24aa984da99cbfc70157fd"},
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+    {file = "greenlet-3.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:816bd9488a94cba78d93e1abb58000e8266fa9cc2aa9ccdd6eb0696acb24005b"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+docs = ["Sphinx"]
+test = ["objgraph", "psutil"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "honcho"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -1712,6 +1782,110 @@ files = [
 lint = ["docutils-stubs", "flake8", "mypy"]
 test = ["pytest"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlalchemy"
+version = "2.0.23"
+description = "Database Abstraction Library"
+optional = true
+python-versions = ">=3.7"
+files = [
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+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+greenlet = {version = "!=0.4.17", markers = "platform_machine == \"aarch64\" or platform_machine == \"ppc64le\" or platform_machine == \"x86_64\" or platform_machine == \"amd64\" or platform_machine == \"AMD64\" or platform_machine == \"win32\" or platform_machine == \"WIN32\""}
+typing-extensions = ">=4.2.0"
+
+[package.extras]
+aiomysql = ["aiomysql (>=0.2.0)", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+aioodbc = ["aioodbc", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+aiosqlite = ["aiosqlite", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)", "typing-extensions (!=3.10.0.1)"]
+asyncio = ["greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+asyncmy = ["asyncmy (>=0.2.3,!=0.2.4,!=0.2.6)", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+mariadb-connector = ["mariadb (>=1.0.1,!=1.1.2,!=1.1.5)"]
+mssql = ["pyodbc"]
+mssql-pymssql = ["pymssql"]
+mssql-pyodbc = ["pyodbc"]
+mypy = ["mypy (>=0.910)"]
+mysql = ["mysqlclient (>=1.4.0)"]
+mysql-connector = ["mysql-connector-python"]
+oracle = ["cx-oracle (>=8)"]
+oracle-oracledb = ["oracledb (>=1.0.1)"]
+postgresql = ["psycopg2 (>=2.7)"]
+postgresql-asyncpg = ["asyncpg", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+postgresql-pg8000 = ["pg8000 (>=1.29.1)"]
+postgresql-psycopg = ["psycopg (>=3.0.7)"]
+postgresql-psycopg2binary = ["psycopg2-binary"]
+postgresql-psycopg2cffi = ["psycopg2cffi"]
+postgresql-psycopgbinary = ["psycopg[binary] (>=3.0.7)"]
+pymysql = ["pymysql"]
+sqlcipher = ["sqlcipher3-binary"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlalchemy-json"
+version = "0.7.0"
+description = "JSON type with nested change tracking for SQLAlchemy"
+optional = true
+python-versions = ">= 3.6"
+files = [
+    {file = "sqlalchemy-json-0.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:620d0b26f648f21a8fa9127df66f55f83a5ab4ae010e5397a5c6989a08238561"},
+    {file = "sqlalchemy_json-0.7.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:27881d662ca18363a4ac28175cc47ea2a6f2bef997ae1159c151026b741818e6"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+sqlalchemy = ">=0.7"
+
+[package.extras]
+dev = ["pytest"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "toml"
 version = "0.10.2"
@@ -1881,13 +2055,14 @@ docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9.3)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "rst.link
 testing = ["big-O", "jaraco.functools", "jaraco.itertools", "more-itertools", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=2.2)", "pytest-ignore-flaky", "pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1)", "pytest-ruff"]
 
 [extras]
-all = ["authlib", "email_validator", "flask-babel", "flask-themer", "pycountry", "python-ldap", "pytz", "sentry-sdk", "toml"]
+all = ["authlib", "email_validator", "flask-babel", "flask-themer", "pycountry", "python-ldap", "pytz", "sentry-sdk", "sqlalchemy", "sqlalchemy-json", "toml"]
 front = ["email_validator", "flask-babel", "flask-themer", "pycountry", "pytz", "toml"]
 ldap = ["python-ldap"]
 oidc = ["authlib"]
 sentry = ["sentry-sdk"]
+sql = ["sqlalchemy", "sqlalchemy-json"]
 
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = "^3.8"
-content-hash = "6988114f1305e3582047cde32e1672b53477adc6adfbb5dde45ebe14a2e403b0"
+content-hash = "b3561cb0465972869503d18840bb7a3da62a75c447b827b0db79183f49c4e31f"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 7d69688b..f5af6d20 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -60,6 +60,10 @@ python-ldap = {version = "^3.4.0", optional=true}
 # extra : sentry
 sentry-sdk = {version = "<2", optional=true, extras=["flask"]}
 
+# extra : sql
+sqlalchemy-json = {version = "^0.7.0", optional=true}
+sqlalchemy = {version = "^2.0.23", optional=true}
+
 [tool.poetry.group.doc]
 optional = true
 
@@ -112,6 +116,10 @@ oidc = [
 sentry = [
     "sentry-sdk",
 ]
+sql = [
+    "sqlalchemy",
+    "sqlalchemy-json",
+]
 all = [
     "click",
     "email_validator",
@@ -123,6 +131,8 @@ all = [
     "python-ldap",
     "authlib",
     "sentry-sdk",
+    "sqlalchemy",
+    "sqlalchemy-json",
 ]
 
 [tool.poetry.scripts]
diff --git a/tests/backends/sql/__init__.py b/tests/backends/sql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/tests/backends/sql/fixtures.py b/tests/backends/sql/fixtures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..395661ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/backends/sql/fixtures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import pytest
+from canaille.backends.sql.backend import Backend
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def sqlalchemy_configuration(configuration):
+    configuration["BACKENDS"] = {
+        "SQL": {"SQL_DATABASE_URI": "sqlite:///:memory:"},
+    }
+    yield configuration
+    del configuration["BACKENDS"]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def sql_backend(sqlalchemy_configuration):
+    backend = Backend(sqlalchemy_configuration)
+    with backend.session(init=True):
+        yield backend
diff --git a/tests/backends/test_models.py b/tests/backends/test_models.py
index b5cffc11..3a589772 100644
--- a/tests/backends/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/backends/test_models.py
@@ -213,6 +213,9 @@ def test_model_references(testclient, user, foo_group, admin, bar_group, backend
 def test_model_references_set_unsaved_object(
     testclient, logged_moderator, user, backend
 ):
+    if "sql" in backend.__class__.__module__:
+        pytest.skip()
+
     group = models.Group(members=[user], display_name="foo")
     group.save()
     user.reload()  # LDAP groups can be inconsistent by containing members which doesn't exist