diff --git a/canaille/backends/__init__.py b/canaille/backends/__init__.py
index 6b5a4835..e2d2a800 100644
--- a/canaille/backends/__init__.py
+++ b/canaille/backends/__init__.py
@@ -93,6 +93,21 @@ class BaseBackend:
         """Remove the current instance from the database."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
+    def reload(self, instance):
+        """Cancel the unsaved modifications.
+
+        >>> user = User.get(user_name="george")
+        >>> user.display_name
+        George
+        >>> user.display_name = "Jane"
+        >>> user.display_name
+        Jane
+        >>> BaseBackend.instance.reload(user)
+        >>> user.display_name
+        George
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
     def check_user_password(self, user, password: str) -> bool:
         """Check if the password matches the user password in the database."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/canaille/backends/ldap/backend.py b/canaille/backends/ldap/backend.py
index 132a7142..cd01eb84 100644
--- a/canaille/backends/ldap/backend.py
+++ b/canaille/backends/ldap/backend.py
@@ -401,6 +401,20 @@ class Backend(BaseBackend):
         # run the instance delete callback again if existing
         next(save_callback, None)
 
+    def reload(self, instance):
+        # run the instance reload callback if existing
+        reload_callback = instance.reload() if hasattr(instance, "reload") else iter([])
+        next(reload_callback, None)
+
+        result = self.connection.search_s(
+            instance.dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, None, ["+", "*"]
+        )
+        instance.changes = {}
+        instance.state = result[0][1]
+
+        # run the instance reload callback again if existing
+        next(reload_callback, None)
+
 
 def setup_ldap_models(config):
     from canaille.app import models
diff --git a/canaille/backends/ldap/ldapobject.py b/canaille/backends/ldap/ldapobject.py
index 5145d4ac..44527389 100644
--- a/canaille/backends/ldap/ldapobject.py
+++ b/canaille/backends/ldap/ldapobject.py
@@ -256,9 +256,3 @@ class LDAPObject(BackendModel, metaclass=LDAPObjectMetaclass):
     @classmethod
     def python_attribute_to_ldap(cls, name):
         return cls.attribute_map.get(name, name) if cls.attribute_map else None
-
-    def reload(self):
-        conn = Backend.instance.connection
-        result = conn.search_s(self.dn, ldap.SCOPE_SUBTREE, None, ["+", "*"])
-        self.changes = {}
-        self.state = result[0][1]
diff --git a/canaille/backends/memory/backend.py b/canaille/backends/memory/backend.py
index 088c62a4..fde4e7d3 100644
--- a/canaille/backends/memory/backend.py
+++ b/canaille/backends/memory/backend.py
@@ -118,3 +118,16 @@ class Backend(BaseBackend):
 
         # run the instance delete callback again if existing
         next(delete_callback, None)
+
+    def reload(self, instance):
+        # run the instance reload callback if existing
+        reload_callback = instance.reload() if hasattr(instance, "reload") else iter([])
+        next(reload_callback, None)
+
+        instance._state = BaseBackend.instance.get(
+            instance.__class__, id=instance.id
+        )._state
+        instance._cache = {}
+
+        # run the instance reload callback again if existing
+        next(reload_callback, None)
diff --git a/canaille/backends/memory/models.py b/canaille/backends/memory/models.py
index 44ec87a8..8b8ceb89 100644
--- a/canaille/backends/memory/models.py
+++ b/canaille/backends/memory/models.py
@@ -134,10 +134,6 @@ class MemoryModel(BackendModel):
         # update the id index
         del self.index()[self.id]
 
-    def reload(self):
-        self._state = BaseBackend.instance.get(self.__class__, id=self.id)._state
-        self._cache = {}
-
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if other is None:
             return False
diff --git a/canaille/backends/models.py b/canaille/backends/models.py
index be361684..3354f50e 100644
--- a/canaille/backends/models.py
+++ b/canaille/backends/models.py
@@ -105,21 +105,6 @@ class BackendModel:
         for attribute, value in kwargs.items():
             setattr(self, attribute, value)
 
-    def reload(self):
-        """Cancel the unsaved modifications.
-
-        >>> user = User.get(user_name="george")
-        >>> user.display_name
-        George
-        >>> user.display_name = "Jane"
-        >>> user.display_name
-        Jane
-        >>> user.reload()
-        >>> user.display_name
-        George
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError()
-
     @classmethod
     def get_model_annotations(cls, attribute):
         annotations = cls.attributes[attribute]
diff --git a/canaille/backends/sql/backend.py b/canaille/backends/sql/backend.py
index 2509e0f5..f1acaaab 100644
--- a/canaille/backends/sql/backend.py
+++ b/canaille/backends/sql/backend.py
@@ -129,3 +129,13 @@ class Backend(BaseBackend):
 
         # run the instance delete callback again if existing
         next(save_callback, None)
+
+    def reload(self, instance):
+        # run the instance reload callback if existing
+        reload_callback = instance.reload() if hasattr(instance, "reload") else iter([])
+        next(reload_callback, None)
+
+        Backend.instance.db_session.refresh(instance)
+
+        # run the instance reload callback again if existing
+        next(reload_callback, None)
diff --git a/canaille/backends/sql/models.py b/canaille/backends/sql/models.py
index 7cf140ae..d66ded4f 100644
--- a/canaille/backends/sql/models.py
+++ b/canaille/backends/sql/models.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import canaille.core.models
 import canaille.oidc.models
 from canaille.backends.models import BackendModel
 
-from .backend import Backend
 from .backend import Base
 from .utils import TZDateTime
 
@@ -47,9 +46,6 @@ class SqlAlchemyModel(BackendModel):
 
         return getattr(cls, name) == value
 
-    def reload(self):
-        Backend.instance.db_session.refresh(self)
-
 
 membership_association_table = Table(
     "membership_association_table",
diff --git a/canaille/core/endpoints/account.py b/canaille/core/endpoints/account.py
index b33afb4c..6d83281f 100644
--- a/canaille/core/endpoints/account.py
+++ b/canaille/core/endpoints/account.py
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ def profile_edition_main_form_validation(user, edited_user, profile_form):
             edited_user.preferred_language = None
 
     BaseBackend.instance.save(edited_user)
-    g.user.reload()
+    BaseBackend.instance.reload(g.user)
 
 
 def profile_edition_emails_form(user, edited_user, has_smtp):
diff --git a/canaille/core/models.py b/canaille/core/models.py
index 1e2c0652..ce1fb4ed 100644
--- a/canaille/core/models.py
+++ b/canaille/core/models.py
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ class User(Model):
         self._readable = None
         self._writable = None
         self._permissions = None
-        super().reload()
+        yield
 
     @property
     def readable_fields(self):
diff --git a/tests/app/test_forms.py b/tests/app/test_forms.py
index c9b8f97a..e3d556eb 100644
--- a/tests/app/test_forms.py
+++ b/tests/app/test_forms.py
@@ -187,10 +187,10 @@ def test_datetime_utc_field_invalid_timezone(testclient):
     )
 
 
-def test_fieldlist_add_readonly(testclient, logged_user):
+def test_fieldlist_add_readonly(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["WRITE"].remove("phone_numbers")
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["READ"].append("phone_numbers")
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user")
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ def test_fieldlist_add_readonly(testclient, logged_user):
 def test_fieldlist_remove_readonly(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["WRITE"].remove("phone_numbers")
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["READ"].append("phone_numbers")
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     logged_user.phone_numbers = ["555-555-000", "555-555-111"]
     backend.save(logged_user)
diff --git a/tests/app/test_i18n.py b/tests/app/test_i18n.py
index ac9612c2..57651c47 100644
--- a/tests/app/test_i18n.py
+++ b/tests/app/test_i18n.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def test_preferred_language(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Le profil a été mis à jour avec succès.")]
     res = res.follow()
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.preferred_language == "fr"
     assert form["preferred_language"].value == "fr"
     assert res.pyquery("html")[0].attrib["lang"] == "fr"
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def test_preferred_language(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")]
     res = res.follow()
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.preferred_language == "en"
     assert form["preferred_language"].value == "en"
     assert res.pyquery("html")[0].attrib["lang"] == "en"
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_preferred_language(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")]
     res = res.follow()
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.preferred_language is None
     assert form["preferred_language"].value == "auto"
     assert res.pyquery("html")[0].attrib["lang"] == "en"
diff --git a/tests/backends/ldap/test_models.py b/tests/backends/ldap/test_models.py
index 8129d1f8..9be9134d 100644
--- a/tests/backends/ldap/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/backends/ldap/test_models.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ def test_model_references_set_unsaved_object(
     exist."""
     group = models.Group(members=[user], display_name="foo")
     backend.save(group)
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     non_existent_user = models.User(
         formatted_name="foo", family_name="bar", user_name="baz"
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def test_model_references_set_unsaved_object(
     backend.save(group)
     assert group.members == [user, non_existent_user]
 
-    group.reload()
+    backend.reload(group)
     assert group.members == [user]
 
     testclient.get("/groups/foo", status=200)
diff --git a/tests/backends/ldap/test_object_class.py b/tests/backends/ldap/test_object_class.py
index 400212b3..b429a828 100644
--- a/tests/backends/ldap/test_object_class.py
+++ b/tests/backends/ldap/test_object_class.py
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ homeDirectory: /home/foobar
     process = slapd_server.ldapmodify(ldif)
     assert process.returncode == 0
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     # saving an object should not raise a ldap.OBJECT_CLASS_VIOLATION exception
     backend.save(user)
diff --git a/tests/backends/ldap/test_permissions.py b/tests/backends/ldap/test_permissions.py
index 994c9585..97fca6be 100644
--- a/tests/backends/ldap/test_permissions.py
+++ b/tests/backends/ldap/test_permissions.py
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-def test_group_permissions_by_dn(testclient, user, foo_group):
+def test_group_permissions_by_dn(testclient, user, foo_group, backend):
     assert not user.can_manage_users
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["ADMIN"]["FILTER"] = {
         "groups": foo_group.dn
     }
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     assert user.can_manage_users
 
 
-def test_group_permissions_str(testclient, user, foo_group):
+def test_group_permissions_str(testclient, user, foo_group, backend):
     assert not user.can_manage_users
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["ADMIN"]["FILTER"] = (
         f"memberOf={foo_group.dn}"
     )
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     assert user.can_manage_users
diff --git a/tests/backends/test_models.py b/tests/backends/test_models.py
index cd145f83..14e83b27 100644
--- a/tests/backends/test_models.py
+++ b/tests/backends/test_models.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def test_model_lifecycle(testclient, backend):
 
     assert user.family_name == "new_family_name"
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     assert user.family_name == "family_name"
 
@@ -178,14 +178,14 @@ def test_model_references(testclient, user, foo_group, admin, bar_group, backend
     assert bar_group not in user.groups
     user.groups = user.groups + [bar_group]
     backend.save(user)
-    bar_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(bar_group)
 
     assert user in bar_group.members
     assert bar_group in user.groups
 
     bar_group.members = [admin]
     backend.save(bar_group)
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     assert user not in bar_group.members
     assert bar_group not in user.groups
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index cedca461..c3a5f8f8 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ def foo_group(app, user, backend):
         display_name="foo",
     )
     backend.save(group)
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     yield group
     backend.delete(group)
 
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ def bar_group(app, admin, backend):
         display_name="bar",
     )
     backend.save(group)
-    admin.reload()
+    backend.reload(admin)
     yield group
     backend.delete(group)
 
diff --git a/tests/core/test_account.py b/tests/core/test_account.py
index cc0f353d..c54a1a76 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_account.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_account.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from flask import g
 from canaille.app import models
 
 
-def test_index(testclient, user):
+def test_index(testclient, user, backend):
     res = testclient.get("/", status=302)
     assert res.location == "/login"
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ def test_index(testclient, user):
     assert res.location == "/profile/user"
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["PERMISSIONS"] = []
-    g.user.reload()
+    backend.reload(g.user)
     res = testclient.get("/", status=302)
     assert res.location == "/about"
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ def test_user_self_deletion(testclient, backend):
         "delete_account",
     ]
     # Simulate an app restart
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     res = testclient.get("/profile/temp/settings")
     res.mustcontain("Delete my account")
diff --git a/tests/core/test_email_confirmation.py b/tests/core/test_email_confirmation.py
index cf676234..eca15642 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_email_confirmation.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_email_confirmation.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def test_confirmation_disabled_email_editable(testclient, backend, logged_user):
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")]
     res = res.follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert logged_user.emails == ["email1@mydomain.tld", "email2@mydomain.tld"]
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def test_confirmation_unset_smtp_disabled_email_editable(
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")]
     res = res.follow()
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert user.emails == ["email1@mydomain.tld", "email2@mydomain.tld"]
 
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def test_confirmation_unset_smtp_enabled_email_admin_editable(
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")]
     res = res.follow()
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert user.emails == ["email1@mydomain.tld", "email2@mydomain.tld"]
 
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def test_confirmation_enabled_smtp_disabled_admin_editable(
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")]
     res = res.follow()
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert user.emails == ["email1@mydomain.tld", "email2@mydomain.tld"]
 
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def test_confirmation_unset_smtp_enabled_email_user_validation(
         res = testclient.get(email_confirmation_url)
 
     assert ("success", "Your email address have been confirmed.") in res.flashes
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert "new_email@mydomain.tld" in user.emails
 
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ def test_confirmation_mail_form_failed(testclient, backend, user):
         )
 
     assert res.flashes == [("error", "Email addition failed.")]
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert user.emails == ["john@doe.com"]
 
 
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ def test_confirmation_mail_send_failed(SMTP, smtpd, testclient, backend, user):
         )
 
     assert res.flashes == [("error", "Could not send the verification email")]
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert user.emails == ["john@doe.com"]
 
 
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ def test_confirmation_expired_link(testclient, backend, user):
         "error",
         "The email confirmation link that brought you here has expired.",
     ) in res.flashes
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert "new_email@mydomain.tld" not in user.emails
 
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def test_confirmation_invalid_hash_link(testclient, backend, user):
         "error",
         "The invitation link that brought you here was invalid.",
     ) in res.flashes
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert "new_email@mydomain.tld" not in user.emails
 
 
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ def test_confirmation_invalid_user_link(testclient, backend, user):
         "error",
         "The email confirmation link that brought you here is invalid.",
     ) in res.flashes
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert "new_email@mydomain.tld" not in user.emails
 
 
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ def test_confirmation_email_already_confirmed_link(testclient, backend, user, ad
         "error",
         "This address email have already been confirmed.",
     ) in res.flashes
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert "new_email@mydomain.tld" not in user.emails
 
 
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ def test_confirmation_email_already_used_link(testclient, backend, user, admin):
         "error",
         "This address email is already associated with another account.",
     ) in res.flashes
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert "new_email@mydomain.tld" not in user.emails
 
 
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ def test_delete_email(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     )
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "The email have been successfully deleted.")]
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.emails == ["john@doe.com"]
 
 
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ def test_delete_wrong_email(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     )
     assert res2.flashes == [("error", "Email deletion failed.")]
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.emails == ["john@doe.com"]
 
 
@@ -429,11 +429,11 @@ def test_delete_last_email(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     )
     assert res2.flashes == [("error", "Email deletion failed.")]
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.emails == ["john@doe.com"]
 
 
-def test_edition_forced_mail(testclient, logged_user):
+def test_edition_forced_mail(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     """Tests that users that must perform email verification cannot force the
     profile form."""
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user", status=200)
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ def test_edition_forced_mail(testclient, logged_user):
         },
     )
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.emails == ["john@doe.com"]
 
 
diff --git a/tests/core/test_forgotten_password.py b/tests/core/test_forgotten_password.py
index ee4568d5..213e6f8d 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_forgotten_password.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_forgotten_password.py
@@ -83,9 +83,11 @@ def test_password_forgotten_invalid(smtpd, testclient, user):
     assert len(smtpd.messages) == 0
 
 
-def test_password_forgotten_invalid_when_user_cannot_self_edit(smtpd, testclient, user):
+def test_password_forgotten_invalid_when_user_cannot_self_edit(
+    smtpd, testclient, user, backend
+):
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["PERMISSIONS"] = []
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["HIDE_INVALID_LOGINS"] = False
     res = testclient.get("/reset", status=200)
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ def test_password_forgotten_invalid_when_user_cannot_self_edit(smtpd, testclient
     ) in res.flashes
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["HIDE_INVALID_LOGINS"] = True
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     res = testclient.get("/reset", status=200)
 
     res.form["login"] = "user"
diff --git a/tests/core/test_groups.py b/tests/core/test_groups.py
index c9ed3514..afab4adc 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_groups.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_groups.py
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ def test_group_deletion(testclient, backend):
     )
     backend.save(group)
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert user.groups == [group]
 
     backend.delete(group)
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert not user.groups
 
     backend.delete(user)
@@ -93,15 +93,15 @@ def test_set_groups(app, user, foo_group, bar_group, backend):
     user.groups = [foo_group, bar_group]
     backend.save(user)
 
-    bar_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(bar_group)
     assert user in bar_group.members
     assert bar_group in user.groups
 
     user.groups = [foo_group]
     backend.save(user)
 
-    foo_group.reload()
-    bar_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
+    backend.reload(bar_group)
     assert user in foo_group.members
     assert user not in bar_group.members
 
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ def test_set_groups_with_leading_space_in_user_id_attribute(app, foo_group, back
     user.groups = [foo_group]
     backend.save(user)
 
-    foo_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
     assert user in foo_group.members
 
     user.groups = []
     backend.save(user)
 
-    foo_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
     assert user.id not in foo_group.members
 
     backend.delete(user)
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def test_moderator_can_create_edit_and_delete_group(
     # Group has been created
     res = form.submit(status=302).follow(status=200)
 
-    logged_moderator.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_moderator)
     bar_group = backend.get(models.Group, display_name="bar")
     assert bar_group.display_name == "bar"
     assert bar_group.description == "yolo"
@@ -221,13 +221,13 @@ def test_invalid_form_request(testclient, logged_moderator, foo_group):
     res = form.submit(name="action", value="invalid-action", status=400)
 
 
-def test_edition_failed(testclient, logged_moderator, foo_group):
+def test_edition_failed(testclient, logged_moderator, foo_group, backend):
     res = testclient.get("/groups/foo")
     form = res.forms["editgroupform"]
     form["display_name"] = ""
     res = form.submit(name="action", value="edit")
     res.mustcontain("Group edition failed.")
-    foo_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
     assert foo_group.display_name == "foo"
 
 
diff --git a/tests/core/test_invitation.py b/tests/core/test_invitation.py
index c4a11258..a157b226 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_invitation.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_invitation.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def test_invitation(testclient, logged_admin, foo_group, smtpd, backend):
     res = res.follow(status=200)
 
     user = backend.get(models.User, user_name="someone")
-    foo_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
     assert backend.check_user_password(user, "whatever")[0]
     assert user.groups == [foo_group]
 
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def test_invitation_editable_user_name(
     res = res.follow(status=200)
 
     user = backend.get(models.User, user_name="djorje")
-    foo_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
     assert backend.check_user_password(user, "whatever")[0]
     assert user.groups == [foo_group]
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def test_generate_link(testclient, logged_admin, foo_group, smtpd, backend):
     res = res.follow(status=200)
 
     user = backend.get(models.User, user_name="sometwo")
-    foo_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
     assert backend.check_user_password(user, "whatever")[0]
     assert user.groups == [foo_group]
 
@@ -332,6 +332,6 @@ def test_groups_are_saved_even_when_user_does_not_have_read_permission(
     res = res.follow(status=200)
 
     user = backend.get(models.User, user_name="someoneelse")
-    foo_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
     assert user.groups == [foo_group]
     backend.delete(user)
diff --git a/tests/core/test_password_reset.py b/tests/core/test_password_reset.py
index dc7fec8f..49cf4d49 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_password_reset.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_password_reset.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ def test_password_reset(testclient, user, backend):
     assert ("success", "Your password has been updated successfully") in res.flashes
     assert res.location == "/profile/user"
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert backend.check_user_password(user, "foobarbaz")[0]
 
     res = testclient.get("/reset/user/" + hash)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def test_password_reset_multiple_emails(testclient, user, backend):
     res = res.form.submit()
     assert ("success", "Your password has been updated successfully") in res.flashes
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert backend.check_user_password(user, "foobarbaz")[0]
 
     res = testclient.get("/reset/user/" + hash)
diff --git a/tests/core/test_permissions.py b/tests/core/test_permissions.py
index 1776081f..89a05e26 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_permissions.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_permissions.py
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
-def test_group_permissions_by_id(testclient, user, foo_group):
+def test_group_permissions_by_id(testclient, user, foo_group, backend):
     assert not user.can_manage_users
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["ADMIN"]["FILTER"] = {
         "groups": foo_group.id
     }
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     assert user.can_manage_users
 
 
-def test_group_permissions_by_display_name(testclient, user, foo_group):
+def test_group_permissions_by_display_name(testclient, user, foo_group, backend):
     assert not user.can_manage_users
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["ADMIN"]["FILTER"] = {
         "groups": foo_group.display_name
     }
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     assert user.can_manage_users
 
 
-def test_invalid_group_permission(testclient, user, foo_group):
+def test_invalid_group_permission(testclient, user, foo_group, backend):
     assert not user.can_manage_users
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["ADMIN"]["FILTER"] = {"groups": "invalid"}
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     assert not user.can_manage_users
diff --git a/tests/core/test_profile_creation.py b/tests/core/test_profile_creation.py
index e5b48be2..6827df3c 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_profile_creation.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_profile_creation.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def test_user_creation_edition_and_deletion(
     assert ("success", "User account creation succeed.") in res.flashes
     res = res.follow(status=200)
     george = backend.get(models.User, user_name="george")
-    foo_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
     assert "George" == george.given_name
     assert george.groups == [foo_group]
     assert backend.check_user_password(george, "totoyolo")[0]
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ def test_user_creation_edition_and_deletion(
     assert "Georgio" == george.given_name
     assert backend.check_user_password(george, "totoyolo")[0]
 
-    foo_group.reload()
-    bar_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
+    backend.reload(bar_group)
     assert george in set(foo_group.members)
     assert george in set(bar_group.members)
     assert set(george.groups) == {foo_group, bar_group}
diff --git a/tests/core/test_profile_edition.py b/tests/core/test_profile_edition.py
index 5ab50373..ea11122c 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_profile_edition.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_profile_edition.py
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def test_user_list_search(testclient, logged_admin, user, moderator):
 
 
 def test_user_list_search_only_allowed_fields(
-    testclient, logged_admin, user, moderator
+    testclient, logged_admin, user, moderator, backend
 ):
     res = testclient.get("/users")
     res.mustcontain("3 items")
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ def test_user_list_search_only_allowed_fields(
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["READ"].remove("user_name")
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["ADMIN"]["READ"].remove("user_name")
-    g.user.reload()
+    backend.reload(g.user)
 
     form = res.forms["search"]
     form["query"] = "user"
@@ -103,13 +103,14 @@ def test_edition_permission(
     testclient,
     logged_user,
     admin,
+    backend,
 ):
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["PERMISSIONS"] = []
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     testclient.get("/profile/user", status=404)
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["PERMISSIONS"] = ["edit_self"]
-    g.user.reload()
+    backend.reload(g.user)
     testclient.get("/profile/user", status=200)
 
 
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ def test_edition(
     ], res.text
     res = res.follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert logged_user.given_name == "given_name"
     assert logged_user.family_name == "family_name"
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ def test_edition_remove_fields(
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")], res.text
     res = res.follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert not logged_user.display_name
     assert not logged_user.phone_numbers
@@ -212,7 +213,7 @@ def test_field_permissions_none(testclient, logged_user, backend):
         "FILTER": None,
     }
 
-    g.user.reload()
+    backend.reload(g.user)
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user", status=200)
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
     assert "phone_numbers-0" not in form.fields
@@ -225,7 +226,7 @@ def test_field_permissions_none(testclient, logged_user, backend):
             "csrf_token": form["csrf_token"].value,
         },
     )
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.phone_numbers == ["555-666-777"]
 
 
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ def test_field_permissions_read(testclient, logged_user, backend):
         "PERMISSIONS": ["edit_self"],
         "FILTER": None,
     }
-    g.user.reload()
+    backend.reload(g.user)
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user", status=200)
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
     assert "phone_numbers-0" in form.fields
@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ def test_field_permissions_read(testclient, logged_user, backend):
             "csrf_token": form["csrf_token"].value,
         },
     )
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.phone_numbers == ["555-666-777"]
 
 
@@ -268,7 +269,7 @@ def test_field_permissions_write(testclient, logged_user, backend):
         "PERMISSIONS": ["edit_self"],
         "FILTER": None,
     }
-    g.user.reload()
+    backend.reload(g.user)
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user", status=200)
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
     assert "phone_numbers-0" in form.fields
@@ -281,7 +282,7 @@ def test_field_permissions_write(testclient, logged_user, backend):
             "csrf_token": form["csrf_token"].value,
         },
     )
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert logged_user.phone_numbers == ["000-000-000"]
 
 
@@ -306,7 +307,7 @@ def test_admin_bad_request(testclient, logged_moderator):
     testclient.get("/profile/foobar", status=404)
 
 
-def test_bad_email(testclient, logged_user):
+def test_bad_email(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user", status=200)
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
 
@@ -323,12 +324,12 @@ def test_bad_email(testclient, logged_user):
 
     res = form.submit(name="action", value="edit-profile", status=200)
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert ["john@doe.com"] == logged_user.emails
 
 
-def test_surname_is_mandatory(testclient, logged_user):
+def test_surname_is_mandatory(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user", status=200)
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
     logged_user.family_name = "Doe"
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@ def test_surname_is_mandatory(testclient, logged_user):
 
     res = form.submit(name="action", value="edit-profile", status=200)
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert "Doe" == logged_user.family_name
 
@@ -391,12 +392,12 @@ def test_inline_validation(testclient, logged_admin, user):
     res.mustcontain("The email 'john@doe.com' is already used")
 
 
-def test_inline_validation_keep_indicators(testclient, logged_admin, user):
+def test_inline_validation_keep_indicators(testclient, logged_admin, user, backend):
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["WRITE"].remove("display_name")
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["READ"].append("display_name")
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["ADMIN"]["WRITE"].append("display_name")
-    logged_admin.reload()
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_admin)
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     res = testclient.get("/profile/admin")
     form = res.forms["baseform"]
diff --git a/tests/core/test_profile_photo.py b/tests/core/test_profile_photo.py
index aab384ea..0b7ccc5c 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_profile_photo.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_profile_photo.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from canaille.app import models
 def test_photo(testclient, user, jpeg_photo, backend):
     user.photo = jpeg_photo
     backend.save(user)
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user/photo")
     assert res.body == jpeg_photo
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ def test_photo_on_profile_edition(
     testclient,
     logged_user,
     jpeg_photo,
+    backend,
 ):
     # Add a photo
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user", status=200)
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ def test_photo_on_profile_edition(
     assert ("success", "Profile updated successfully.") in res.flashes
     res = res.follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert logged_user.photo == jpeg_photo
 
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ def test_photo_on_profile_edition(
     assert ("success", "Profile updated successfully.") in res.flashes
     res = res.follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert logged_user.photo == jpeg_photo
 
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ def test_photo_on_profile_edition(
     assert ("success", "Profile updated successfully.") in res.flashes
     res = res.follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert logged_user.photo is None
 
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ def test_photo_on_profile_edition(
     assert ("success", "Profile updated successfully.") in res.flashes
     res = res.follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert logged_user.photo is None
 
diff --git a/tests/core/test_profile_settings.py b/tests/core/test_profile_settings.py
index 60104a13..cb802149 100644
--- a/tests/core/test_profile_settings.py
+++ b/tests/core/test_profile_settings.py
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ def test_edition(testclient, logged_user, admin, foo_group, bar_group, backend):
     res.form["user_name"] = "toto"
     res = res.form.submit(name="action", value="edit-settings")
     assert res.flashes == [("error", "Profile edition failed.")]
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert logged_user.user_name == "user"
 
-    foo_group.reload()
-    bar_group.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
+    backend.reload(bar_group)
     assert logged_user.groups == [foo_group]
     assert foo_group.members == [logged_user]
     assert bar_group.members == [admin]
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_group_removal(testclient, logged_admin, user, foo_group, backend):
     """Tests that one can remove a group from a user."""
     foo_group.members = [user, logged_admin]
     backend.save(foo_group)
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert foo_group in user.groups
 
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user/settings", status=200)
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ def test_group_removal(testclient, logged_admin, user, foo_group, backend):
     res = res.form.submit(name="action", value="edit-settings")
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")]
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert foo_group not in user.groups
 
-    foo_group.reload()
-    logged_admin.reload()
+    backend.reload(foo_group)
+    backend.reload(logged_admin)
     assert foo_group.members == [logged_admin]
 
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ def test_empty_group_removal(testclient, logged_admin, user, foo_group, backend)
         "The group 'foo' cannot be removed, because it must have at least one user left."
     )
 
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert foo_group in user.groups
 
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def test_edition_without_groups(
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")]
     res = res.follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
 
     assert logged_user.user_name == "user"
     assert backend.check_user_password(logged_user, "correct horse battery staple")[0]
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ def test_password_change(testclient, logged_user, backend):
 
     res = res.form.submit(name="action", value="edit-settings").follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert backend.check_user_password(logged_user, "new_password")[0]
 
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user/settings", status=200)
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ def test_password_change(testclient, logged_user, backend):
     assert ("success", "Profile updated successfully.") in res.flashes
     res = res.follow()
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert backend.check_user_password(logged_user, "correct horse battery staple")[0]
 
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ def test_password_change_fail(testclient, logged_user, backend):
 
     res = res.form.submit(name="action", value="edit-settings", status=200)
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert backend.check_user_password(logged_user, "correct horse battery staple")[0]
 
     res = testclient.get("/profile/user/settings", status=200)
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ def test_password_change_fail(testclient, logged_user, backend):
 
     res = res.form.submit(name="action", value="edit-settings", status=200)
 
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     assert backend.check_user_password(logged_user, "correct horse battery staple")[0]
 
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ def test_password_initialization_mail(smtpd, testclient, backend, logged_admin):
     assert len(smtpd.messages) == 1
     assert smtpd.messages[0]["X-RcptTo"] == "john@doe.com"
 
-    u.reload()
+    backend.reload(u)
     u.password = "correct horse battery staple"
     backend.save(u)
 
@@ -357,13 +357,14 @@ def test_edition_permission(
     testclient,
     logged_user,
     admin,
+    backend,
 ):
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["PERMISSIONS"] = []
-    logged_user.reload()
+    backend.reload(logged_user)
     testclient.get("/profile/user/settings", status=404)
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["PERMISSIONS"] = ["edit_self"]
-    g.user.reload()
+    backend.reload(g.user)
     testclient.get("/profile/user/settings", status=200)
 
 
@@ -462,7 +463,7 @@ def test_empty_lock_date(
     assert res.flashes == [("success", "Profile updated successfully.")]
 
     res = res.follow()
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
     assert not user.lock_date
 
 
diff --git a/tests/oidc/test_account.py b/tests/oidc/test_account.py
index 29685d05..dff28c66 100644
--- a/tests/oidc/test_account.py
+++ b/tests/oidc/test_account.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from flask import g
 
 
-def test_index(testclient, user):
+def test_index(testclient, user, backend):
     res = testclient.get("/", status=302)
     assert res.location == "/login"
 
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ def test_index(testclient, user):
     assert res.location == "/profile/user"
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["PERMISSIONS"] = ["use_oidc"]
-    g.user.reload()
+    backend.reload(g.user)
     res = testclient.get("/", status=302)
     assert res.location == "/consent/"
 
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["PERMISSIONS"] = []
-    g.user.reload()
+    backend.reload(g.user)
     res = testclient.get("/", status=302)
     assert res.location == "/about"
diff --git a/tests/oidc/test_authorization_code_flow.py b/tests/oidc/test_authorization_code_flow.py
index 4a6e36be..0918a1ad 100644
--- a/tests/oidc/test_authorization_code_flow.py
+++ b/tests/oidc/test_authorization_code_flow.py
@@ -503,9 +503,11 @@ def test_when_consent_already_given_but_for_a_smaller_scope(
         backend.delete(consent)
 
 
-def test_user_cannot_use_oidc(testclient, user, client, keypair, trusted_client):
+def test_user_cannot_use_oidc(
+    testclient, user, client, keypair, trusted_client, backend
+):
     testclient.app.config["CANAILLE"]["ACL"]["DEFAULT"]["PERMISSIONS"] = []
-    user.reload()
+    backend.reload(user)
 
     res = testclient.get(
         "/oauth/authorize",
diff --git a/tests/oidc/test_client_admin.py b/tests/oidc/test_client_admin.py
index 7ae27c3e..f4b17500 100644
--- a/tests/oidc/test_client_admin.py
+++ b/tests/oidc/test_client_admin.py
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def test_add_missing_fields(testclient, logged_admin):
     ) in res.flashes
 
 
-def test_client_edit(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client):
+def test_client_edit(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client, backend):
     res = testclient.get("/admin/client/edit/" + client.client_id)
     data = {
         "client_name": "foobar",
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ def test_client_edit(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client):
     ) not in res.flashes
     assert ("success", "The client has been edited.") in res.flashes
 
-    client.reload()
+    backend.reload(client)
 
     assert client.client_name == "foobar"
     assert client.contacts == ["foo@bar.com"]
@@ -204,7 +204,9 @@ def test_client_edit(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client):
     assert client.post_logout_redirect_uris == ["https://foo.bar/disconnected"]
 
 
-def test_client_edit_missing_fields(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client):
+def test_client_edit_missing_fields(
+    testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client, backend
+):
     res = testclient.get("/admin/client/edit/" + client.client_id)
     res.forms["clientaddform"]["client_name"] = ""
     res = res.forms["clientaddform"].submit(name="action", value="edit")
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ def test_client_edit_missing_fields(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_cl
         "error",
         "The client has not been edited. Please check your information.",
     ) in res.flashes
-    client.reload()
+    backend.reload(client)
     assert client.client_name
 
 
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@ def test_client_delete_invalid_client(testclient, logged_admin, client):
     )
 
 
-def test_client_edit_preauth(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client):
+def test_client_edit_preauth(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client, backend):
     assert not client.preconsent
 
     res = testclient.get("/admin/client/edit/" + client.client_id)
@@ -266,7 +268,7 @@ def test_client_edit_preauth(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client):
     res = res.forms["clientaddform"].submit(name="action", value="edit")
 
     assert ("success", "The client has been edited.") in res.flashes
-    client.reload()
+    backend.reload(client)
     assert client.preconsent
 
     res = testclient.get("/admin/client/edit/" + client.client_id)
@@ -274,7 +276,7 @@ def test_client_edit_preauth(testclient, client, logged_admin, trusted_client):
     res = res.forms["clientaddform"].submit(name="action", value="edit")
 
     assert ("success", "The client has been edited.") in res.flashes
-    client.reload()
+    backend.reload(client)
     assert not client.preconsent
 
 
diff --git a/tests/oidc/test_consent.py b/tests/oidc/test_consent.py
index 8edc86ab..f3d1cce1 100644
--- a/tests/oidc/test_consent.py
+++ b/tests/oidc/test_consent.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def test_no_logged_no_access(testclient):
     testclient.get("/consent", status=403)
 
 
-def test_revokation(testclient, client, consent, logged_user, token):
+def test_revokation(testclient, client, consent, logged_user, token, backend):
     res = testclient.get("/consent", status=200)
     res.mustcontain(client.client_name)
     res.mustcontain("Revoke access")
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ def test_revokation(testclient, client, consent, logged_user, token):
     res.mustcontain(no="Revoke access")
     res.mustcontain("Restore access")
 
-    consent.reload()
+    backend.reload(consent)
     assert consent.revoked
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revoked
 
 
-def test_revokation_already_revoked(testclient, client, consent, logged_user):
+def test_revokation_already_revoked(testclient, client, consent, logged_user, backend):
     consent.revoke()
 
     assert consent.revoked
@@ -39,24 +39,24 @@ def test_revokation_already_revoked(testclient, client, consent, logged_user):
     assert ("error", "The access is already revoked") in res.flashes
     res = res.follow(status=200)
 
-    consent.reload()
+    backend.reload(consent)
     assert consent.revoked
 
 
-def test_restoration(testclient, client, consent, logged_user, token):
+def test_restoration(testclient, client, consent, logged_user, token, backend):
     consent.revoke()
 
     assert consent.revoked
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revoked
 
     res = testclient.get(f"/consent/restore/{consent.consent_id}", status=302)
     assert ("success", "The access has been restored") in res.flashes
     res = res.follow(status=200)
 
-    consent.reload()
+    backend.reload(consent)
     assert not consent.revoked
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revoked
 
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ def test_oidc_authorization_after_revokation(
     res = res.form.submit(name="answer", value="accept", status=302)
 
     consents = backend.query(models.Consent, client=client, subject=logged_user)
-    consent.reload()
+    backend.reload(consent)
     assert consents[0] == consent
     assert not consent.revoked
 
@@ -167,21 +167,21 @@ def test_revoke_preconsented_client(testclient, client, logged_user, token, back
     assert consent.subject == logged_user
     assert consent.scope == ["openid", "email", "profile", "groups", "address", "phone"]
     assert not consent.issue_date
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revoked
 
     res = testclient.get(f"/consent/restore/{consent.consent_id}", status=302)
     assert ("success", "The access has been restored") in res.flashes
 
-    consent.reload()
+    backend.reload(consent)
     assert not consent.revoked
     assert consent.issue_date
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revoked
 
     res = testclient.get(f"/consent/revoke/{consent.consent_id}", status=302)
     assert ("success", "The access has been revoked") in res.flashes
-    consent.reload()
+    backend.reload(consent)
     assert consent.revoked
     assert consent.issue_date
 
diff --git a/tests/oidc/test_refresh_token.py b/tests/oidc/test_refresh_token.py
index 88075631..6f693c0c 100644
--- a/tests/oidc/test_refresh_token.py
+++ b/tests/oidc/test_refresh_token.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def test_refresh_token(testclient, logged_user, client, backend):
     assert new_token is not None
     assert old_token.access_token != new_token.access_token
 
-    old_token.reload()
+    backend.reload(old_token)
     assert old_token.revokation_date
 
     res = testclient.get(
diff --git a/tests/oidc/test_token_admin.py b/tests/oidc/test_token_admin.py
index ec005058..f25e00bf 100644
--- a/tests/oidc/test_token_admin.py
+++ b/tests/oidc/test_token_admin.py
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def test_revoke_bad_request(testclient, token, logged_admin):
     res = res.form.submit(name="action", value="invalid", status=400)
 
 
-def test_revoke_token(testclient, token, logged_admin):
+def test_revoke_token(testclient, token, logged_admin, backend):
     assert not token.revoked
 
     res = testclient.get(f"/admin/token/{token.token_id}")
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def test_revoke_token(testclient, token, logged_admin):
     res = res.form.submit(name="action", value="revoke")
     assert ("success", "The token has successfully been revoked.") in res.flashes
 
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revoked
 
 
diff --git a/tests/oidc/test_token_revocation.py b/tests/oidc/test_token_revocation.py
index 193613ae..70ea49cb 100644
--- a/tests/oidc/test_token_revocation.py
+++ b/tests/oidc/test_token_revocation.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import datetime
 from . import client_credentials
 
 
-def test_revoke_access_token(testclient, user, client, token):
+def test_revoke_access_token(testclient, user, client, token, backend):
     assert not token.revokation_date
 
     res = testclient.post(
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ def test_revoke_access_token(testclient, user, client, token):
     )
     assert {} == res.json
 
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revokation_date
 
 
-def test_revoke_access_token_with_hint(testclient, user, client, token):
+def test_revoke_access_token_with_hint(testclient, user, client, token, backend):
     assert not token.revokation_date
 
     res = testclient.post(
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ def test_revoke_access_token_with_hint(testclient, user, client, token):
     )
     assert {} == res.json
 
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revokation_date
 
 
-def test_revoke_refresh_token(testclient, user, client, token):
+def test_revoke_refresh_token(testclient, user, client, token, backend):
     assert not token.revokation_date
 
     res = testclient.post(
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ def test_revoke_refresh_token(testclient, user, client, token):
     )
     assert {} == res.json
 
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revokation_date
 
 
-def test_revoke_refresh_token_with_hint(testclient, user, client, token):
+def test_revoke_refresh_token_with_hint(testclient, user, client, token, backend):
     assert not token.revokation_date
 
     res = testclient.post(
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def test_revoke_refresh_token_with_hint(testclient, user, client, token):
     )
     assert {} == res.json
 
-    token.reload()
+    backend.reload(token)
     assert token.revokation_date