diff --git a/MANIFEST.in b/MANIFEST.in
index 4d1242fe..30003764 100644
--- a/MANIFEST.in
+++ b/MANIFEST.in
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 include canaille/conf/*.sample.*
-graft canaille/ldap_backend/schemas
+graft canaille/backends/ldap/schemas
 graft canaille/templates
 graft canaille/themes
 graft canaille/translations
diff --git a/canaille/__init__.py b/canaille/__init__.py
index 17a4fd02..b43ee6cb 100644
--- a/canaille/__init__.py
+++ b/canaille/__init__.py
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def create_app(config=None, validate=True):
     sentry_sdk = setup_sentry(app)
     try:
         from .oidc.oauth import setup_oauth
-        from .ldap_backend.backend import init_backend
+        from .backends.ldap.backend import init_backend
         from .app.i18n import setup_i18n
 
         setup_logging(app)
diff --git a/canaille/app/commands.py b/canaille/app/commands.py
index 1b36516b..83070b99 100644
--- a/canaille/app/commands.py
+++ b/canaille/app/commands.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from flask.cli import with_appcontext
 def with_backendcontext(func):
     @functools.wraps(func)
     def _func(*args, **kwargs):
-        from canaille.ldap_backend.backend import (
+        from canaille.backends.ldap.backend import (
             setup_backend,
             teardown_backend,
         )
diff --git a/canaille/app/configuration.py b/canaille/app/configuration.py
index c80ac2ac..adf3b249 100644
--- a/canaille/app/configuration.py
+++ b/canaille/app/configuration.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def validate(config, validate_remote=False):
     if not validate_remote:
         return
 
-    from canaille.ldap_backend.backend import validate_configuration
+    from canaille.backends.ldap.backend import validate_configuration
 
     validate_configuration(config)
     validate_smtp_configuration(config)
diff --git a/canaille/ldap_backend/__init__.py b/canaille/backends/__init__.py
similarity index 100%
rename from canaille/ldap_backend/__init__.py
rename to canaille/backends/__init__.py
diff --git a/tests/ldap/__init__.py b/canaille/backends/ldap/__init__.py
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/ldap/__init__.py
rename to canaille/backends/ldap/__init__.py
diff --git a/canaille/ldap_backend/backend.py b/canaille/backends/ldap/backend.py
similarity index 100%
rename from canaille/ldap_backend/backend.py
rename to canaille/backends/ldap/backend.py
diff --git a/canaille/ldap_backend/installation.py b/canaille/backends/ldap/installation.py
similarity index 100%
rename from canaille/ldap_backend/installation.py
rename to canaille/backends/ldap/installation.py
diff --git a/canaille/ldap_backend/ldapobject.py b/canaille/backends/ldap/ldapobject.py
similarity index 100%
rename from canaille/ldap_backend/ldapobject.py
rename to canaille/backends/ldap/ldapobject.py
diff --git a/canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif b/canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif
similarity index 100%
rename from canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif
rename to canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif
diff --git a/canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/oauth2-openldap.schema b/canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/oauth2-openldap.schema
similarity index 100%
rename from canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/oauth2-openldap.schema
rename to canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/oauth2-openldap.schema
diff --git a/canaille/ldap_backend/utils.py b/canaille/backends/ldap/utils.py
similarity index 100%
rename from canaille/ldap_backend/utils.py
rename to canaille/backends/ldap/utils.py
diff --git a/canaille/core/models.py b/canaille/core/models.py
index a8cf331a..107fe082 100644
--- a/canaille/core/models.py
+++ b/canaille/core/models.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import ldap.filter
-from canaille.ldap_backend.ldapobject import LDAPObject
+from canaille.backends.ldap.ldapobject import LDAPObject
 from flask import current_app
 from flask import session
 
diff --git a/canaille/oidc/installation.py b/canaille/oidc/installation.py
index be42ebb5..ea1b2a40 100644
--- a/canaille/oidc/installation.py
+++ b/canaille/oidc/installation.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import os
 
-from canaille.ldap_backend.installation import install_schema
-from canaille.ldap_backend.installation import ldap_connection
+from canaille.backends.ldap.installation import install_schema
+from canaille.backends.ldap.installation import ldap_connection
 from canaille.oidc.models import AuthorizationCode
 from canaille.oidc.models import Client
 from canaille.oidc.models import Consent
@@ -54,5 +54,5 @@ def setup_schemas(config):
     install_schema(
         config,
         os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
-        + "/ldap_backend/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif",
+        + "/backends/ldap/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif",
     )
diff --git a/canaille/oidc/models.py b/canaille/oidc/models.py
index a0d551d0..c0fb7630 100644
--- a/canaille/oidc/models.py
+++ b/canaille/oidc/models.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from authlib.oauth2.rfc6749 import AuthorizationCodeMixin
 from authlib.oauth2.rfc6749 import ClientMixin
 from authlib.oauth2.rfc6749 import TokenMixin
 from authlib.oauth2.rfc6749 import util
-from canaille.ldap_backend.ldapobject import LDAPObject
+from canaille.backends.ldap.ldapobject import LDAPObject
 
 
 class Client(LDAPObject, ClientMixin):
diff --git a/demo/docker-compose.yml b/demo/docker-compose.yml
index 47438421..0e4834ae 100644
--- a/demo/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/demo/docker-compose.yml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ services:
       - ./ldif/memberof-config.ldif:/container/service/slapd/assets/config/bootstrap/ldif/03-memberOf.ldif:ro
       # memberof overlay is already present in openldap docker image but only for groupOfUniqueNames. We need to overwrite it (until canaille can handle groupOfUniqueNames).
       # https://github.com/osixia/docker-openldap/blob/master/image/service/slapd/assets/config/bootstrap/ldif/03-memberOf.ldif
-      - ../canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif:/container/service/slapd/assets/config/bootstrap/ldif/custom/40-oauth2.ldif:ro
+      - ../canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif:/container/service/slapd/assets/config/bootstrap/ldif/custom/40-oauth2.ldif:ro
       - ./ldif/bootstrap-users-tree.ldif:/container/service/slapd/assets/config/bootstrap/ldif/custom/50-bootstrap-users-tree.ldif:ro
       - ./ldif/bootstrap-oidc-tree.ldif:/container/service/slapd/assets/config/bootstrap/ldif/custom/50-bootstrap-oidc-tree.ldif:ro
       - ./ldif/bootstrap-users.ldif:/container/service/slapd/assets/config/bootstrap/ldif/custom/60-bootstrap-users.ldif:ro
diff --git a/demo/ldap-server.py b/demo/ldap-server.py
index eaaa4954..046b2d88 100644
--- a/demo/ldap-server.py
+++ b/demo/ldap-server.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ slapd = slapd.Slapd(
         "cosine.ldif",
         "nis.ldif",
         "inetorgperson.ldif",
-        "../canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif",
+        "../canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif",
         "ldif/memberof-config.ldif",
     ),
 )
diff --git a/doc/install.rst b/doc/install.rst
index 5f47db98..90c6cc98 100644
--- a/doc/install.rst
+++ b/doc/install.rst
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ Old fashion: Copy the schemas in your filesystem
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    test -d /etc/openldap/schema && sudo cp "$CANAILLE_INSTALL_DIR/env/lib/python*/site-packages/canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/*" /etc/openldap/schema
-    test -d /etc/ldap/schema && sudo cp "$CANAILLE_INSTALL_DIR/env/lib/python*/site-packages/canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/*" /etc/ldap/schema
+    test -d /etc/openldap/schema && sudo cp "$CANAILLE_INSTALL_DIR/env/lib/python*/site-packages/canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/*" /etc/openldap/schema
+    test -d /etc/ldap/schema && sudo cp "$CANAILLE_INSTALL_DIR/env/lib/python*/site-packages/canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/*" /etc/ldap/schema
     sudo service slapd restart
 
 New fashion: Use slapadd to add the schemas
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Be careful to stop your ldap server before running ``slapadd``
 .. code-block:: bash
 
     sudo service slapd stop
-    sudo -u openldap slapadd -n0 -l "$CANAILLE_INSTALL_DIR/env/lib/python*/site-packages/canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/*.ldif"
+    sudo -u openldap slapadd -n0 -l "$CANAILLE_INSTALL_DIR/env/lib/python*/site-packages/canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/*.ldif"
     sudo service slapd start
 
 Generate the key pair
diff --git a/tests/app/test_configuration.py b/tests/app/test_configuration.py
index 4f20b370..bef3fe6f 100644
--- a/tests/app/test_configuration.py
+++ b/tests/app/test_configuration.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 import os
-from unittest import mock
 
-import ldap
 import pytest
 from canaille import create_app
 from canaille.app.configuration import ConfigurationException
@@ -9,61 +7,9 @@ from canaille.app.configuration import validate
 from flask_webtest import TestApp
 
 
-def test_ldap_connection_no_remote(testclient, configuration):
-    validate(configuration)
-
-
-def test_ldap_connection_remote(testclient, configuration, slapd_connection):
-    validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
-
-
-def test_ldap_connection_remote_ldap_unreachable(testclient, configuration):
-    configuration["BACKENDS"]["LDAP"]["URI"] = "ldap://invalid-ldap.com"
-    with pytest.raises(
-        ConfigurationException,
-        match=r"Could not connect to the LDAP server",
-    ):
-        validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
-
-
-def test_ldap_connection_remote_ldap_wrong_credentials(testclient, configuration):
-    configuration["BACKENDS"]["LDAP"]["BIND_PW"] = "invalid-password"
-    with pytest.raises(
-        ConfigurationException,
-        match=r"LDAP authentication failed with user",
-    ):
-        validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
-
-
-def test_ldap_cannot_create_users(testclient, configuration, slapd_connection):
-    from canaille.core.models import User
-
-    def fake_init(*args, **kwarg):
-        raise ldap.INSUFFICIENT_ACCESS
-
-    with mock.patch.object(User, "__init__", fake_init):
-        with pytest.raises(
-            ConfigurationException,
-            match=r"cannot create users at",
-        ):
-            validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
-
-
-def test_ldap_cannot_create_groups(testclient, configuration, slapd_connection):
-    from canaille.core.models import Group
-
-    def fake_init(*args, **kwarg):
-        raise ldap.INSUFFICIENT_ACCESS
-
-    with mock.patch.object(Group, "__init__", fake_init):
-        with pytest.raises(
-            ConfigurationException,
-            match=r"cannot create groups at",
-        ):
-            validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
-
-
-def test_smtp_connection_remote_smtp_unreachable(testclient, configuration):
+def test_smtp_connection_remote_smtp_unreachable(
+    testclient, slapd_connection, configuration
+):
     configuration["SMTP"]["HOST"] = "smtp://invalid-smtp.com"
     with pytest.raises(
         ConfigurationException,
@@ -72,7 +18,9 @@ def test_smtp_connection_remote_smtp_unreachable(testclient, configuration):
         validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
 
 
-def test_smtp_connection_remote_smtp_wrong_credentials(testclient, configuration):
+def test_smtp_connection_remote_smtp_wrong_credentials(
+    testclient, slapd_connection, configuration
+):
     configuration["SMTP"]["PASSWORD"] = "invalid-password"
     with pytest.raises(
         ConfigurationException,
@@ -81,7 +29,9 @@ def test_smtp_connection_remote_smtp_wrong_credentials(testclient, configuration
         validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
 
 
-def test_smtp_connection_remote_smtp_no_credentials(testclient, configuration):
+def test_smtp_connection_remote_smtp_no_credentials(
+    testclient, slapd_connection, configuration
+):
     del configuration["SMTP"]["LOGIN"]
     del configuration["SMTP"]["PASSWORD"]
     validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
@@ -97,7 +47,11 @@ def test_smtp_bad_tls(testclient, slapd_connection, smtpd, configuration):
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def themed_testclient(app, configuration):
+def themed_testclient(
+    app,
+    configuration,
+    slapd_connection,
+):
     configuration["TESTING"] = True
 
     root = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
@@ -109,7 +63,7 @@ def themed_testclient(app, configuration):
     return TestApp(app)
 
 
-def test_theme(testclient, themed_testclient):
+def test_theme(testclient, themed_testclient, slapd_connection):
     res = testclient.get("/login")
     res.mustcontain(no="TEST_THEME")
 
@@ -117,7 +71,7 @@ def test_theme(testclient, themed_testclient):
     res.mustcontain("TEST_THEME")
 
 
-def test_invalid_theme(configuration):
+def test_invalid_theme(configuration, slapd_connection):
     validate(configuration, validate_remote=False)
 
     with pytest.raises(
diff --git a/tests/backends/__init__.py b/tests/backends/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/tests/backends/ldap/__init__.py b/tests/backends/ldap/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/tests/app/test_errors.py b/tests/backends/ldap/test_errors.py
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/app/test_errors.py
rename to tests/backends/ldap/test_errors.py
diff --git a/tests/ldap/test_utils.py b/tests/backends/ldap/test_utils.py
similarity index 74%
rename from tests/ldap/test_utils.py
rename to tests/backends/ldap/test_utils.py
index bc10155e..71c10463 100644
--- a/tests/ldap/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/backends/ldap/test_utils.py
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 import datetime
+from unittest import mock
 
 import ldap.dn
+import pytest
+from canaille.app.configuration import ConfigurationException
+from canaille.app.configuration import validate
+from canaille.backends.ldap.backend import setup_ldap_models
+from canaille.backends.ldap.ldapobject import LDAPObject
+from canaille.backends.ldap.ldapobject import python_attrs_to_ldap
+from canaille.backends.ldap.utils import ldap_to_python
+from canaille.backends.ldap.utils import python_to_ldap
+from canaille.backends.ldap.utils import Syntax
 from canaille.core.models import Group
 from canaille.core.models import User
-from canaille.ldap_backend.backend import setup_ldap_models
-from canaille.ldap_backend.ldapobject import LDAPObject
-from canaille.ldap_backend.ldapobject import python_attrs_to_ldap
-from canaille.ldap_backend.utils import ldap_to_python
-from canaille.ldap_backend.utils import python_to_ldap
-from canaille.ldap_backend.utils import Syntax
 
 
 def test_object_creation(slapd_connection):
@@ -224,3 +228,57 @@ def test_object_class_update(slapd_connection, testclient):
 
     user1.delete()
     user2.delete()
+
+
+def test_ldap_connection_no_remote(testclient, configuration):
+    validate(configuration)
+
+
+def test_ldap_connection_remote(testclient, configuration, slapd_connection):
+    validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
+
+
+def test_ldap_connection_remote_ldap_unreachable(testclient, configuration):
+    configuration["BACKENDS"]["LDAP"]["URI"] = "ldap://invalid-ldap.com"
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ConfigurationException,
+        match=r"Could not connect to the LDAP server",
+    ):
+        validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
+
+
+def test_ldap_connection_remote_ldap_wrong_credentials(testclient, configuration):
+    configuration["BACKENDS"]["LDAP"]["BIND_PW"] = "invalid-password"
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ConfigurationException,
+        match=r"LDAP authentication failed with user",
+    ):
+        validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
+
+
+def test_ldap_cannot_create_users(testclient, configuration, slapd_connection):
+    from canaille.core.models import User
+
+    def fake_init(*args, **kwarg):
+        raise ldap.INSUFFICIENT_ACCESS
+
+    with mock.patch.object(User, "__init__", fake_init):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            ConfigurationException,
+            match=r"cannot create users at",
+        ):
+            validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
+
+
+def test_ldap_cannot_create_groups(testclient, configuration, slapd_connection):
+    from canaille.core.models import Group
+
+    def fake_init(*args, **kwarg):
+        raise ldap.INSUFFICIENT_ACCESS
+
+    with mock.patch.object(Group, "__init__", fake_init):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            ConfigurationException,
+            match=r"cannot create groups at",
+        ):
+            validate(configuration, validate_remote=True)
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index e99d2f8a..6667385a 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import ldap.ldapobject
 import pytest
 import slapd
 from canaille import create_app
+from canaille.backends.ldap.backend import setup_ldap_models
 from canaille.core.models import Group
 from canaille.core.models import User
-from canaille.ldap_backend.backend import setup_ldap_models
 from canaille.oidc.installation import setup_ldap_tree
 from flask import g
 from flask_webtest import TestApp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def slapd_server():
         slapd.init_tree()
         for ldif in (
             "demo/ldif/memberof-config.ldif",
-            "canaille/ldap_backend/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif",
+            "canaille/backends/ldap/schemas/oauth2-openldap.ldif",
             "demo/ldif/bootstrap-users-tree.ldif",
             "demo/ldif/bootstrap-oidc-tree.ldif",
         ):
diff --git a/tests/oidc/commands/test_install.py b/tests/oidc/commands/test_install.py
index 18df4553..9761e839 100644
--- a/tests/oidc/commands/test_install.py
+++ b/tests/oidc/commands/test_install.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import ldap
 import pytest
 from canaille import create_app
 from canaille.app.installation import InstallationException
+from canaille.backends.ldap.ldapobject import LDAPObject
 from canaille.commands import cli
-from canaille.ldap_backend.ldapobject import LDAPObject
 from canaille.oidc.installation import setup_schemas
 from flask_webtest import TestApp
 from tests.conftest import CustomSlapdObject